{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T17:41:34Z","timestamp":1790617294070,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,30]],"date-time":"2005-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1114819200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Over the past several years, a great deal of interest has been focused on the harmful effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation to human skin. UV light has been implicated in aging, sunburn and skin cancer. Few studies, however, have been done to determine the effects that UV light, in conjunction with other environmental contaminants, may have on human skin. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a class of compounds that have been reported to be toxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic to many eukaryotic organisms. UV light is also known to increase the toxicity of PAHs through photo-activation and photo-modification. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of UV-A irradiated pyrene (Pyr), 1-aminopyrene (1-AP) and 1-hydroxypyrene (1-HP) on human keratinocytes, the skin primary site of UV irradiated PAH exposure. Our findings indicate that simultaneous treatment of human keratinocyte cell line, HaCaT, with 1.0\u03bcg\/ml pyrene, 1-AP or 1-HP and 3.9 J\/cm2\/min UV-A light resulted in significant inhibition of cell proliferation. Approximately 100% of the cells died in the case of UV-A irradiated 1-AP and 1-HP. In the case of UV-A irradiated pyrene, more than 70% of the cells died, indicating that UV-A is able to transform these PAHs into more harmful intermediates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph2005010058","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,25]],"date-time":"2008-10-25T13:52:15Z","timestamp":1224942735000},"page":"58-62","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Ultraviolet Radiation Increases the Toxicity of Pyrene, 1-Aminopyrene and 1-Hydroxypyrene to Human Keratinocytes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Stephen  I. N.","family":"Ekunwe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbial Molecular Genetics, Cancer and Phytonutriceuticals Research Laboratory"},{"name":"NIH\u2013Center for Environmental Health, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, Jackson, Mississippi, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biology, Jackson State University, 1400 J. R. Lynch Street, P.O. Box 18540, Jackson, MS 39217, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rochelle  D.","family":"Hunter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbial Molecular Genetics, Cancer and Phytonutriceuticals Research Laboratory"},{"name":"Department of Biology, Jackson State University, 1400 J. R. Lynch Street, P.O. Box 18540, Jackson, MS 39217, USA"},{"name":"Pharmaceutical Products Development, Inc. (PPD), 980 Harvest Dr., Suite 130, Blue Bell, PA 19422, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huey-Min","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NIH\u2013Center for Environmental Health, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, Jackson, Mississippi, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biology, Jackson State University, 1400 J. R. Lynch Street, P.O. Box 18540, Jackson, MS 39217, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1021\/bp000118j","article-title":"Two-liquid-phase slurry bioreactors to enhance the degradation of high-molecular-weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil","volume":"16","author":"Villemur","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biotech. Prog"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3894(99)00002-3","article-title":"Bioremediation of phenols and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in creosote contaminated soil using ex-situ land treatment","volume":"B65","author":"Guerin","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Haz Mat"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1139\/m97-051","article-title":"Comparative study of five polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon degrading bacterial strains isolated from contaminated soils","volume":"43","author":"Dagher","year":"1997","journal-title":"Can J. Micro"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1021\/tx990199x","article-title":"UVA induced single strand cleavage by 1-hydroxypyrene and formation of covalent adducts between DNA and 1-hydroxypyrene","volume":"13","author":"Dong","year":"2000","journal-title":"Chem. Res. 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Occup Environ Health"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-008X(03)00018-8","article-title":"Synergistic enhancement of H2O2 production in human epidermoid carcinoma cells by benxo[a]pyrene and ultraviolet A radiation","volume":"188","author":"Shyong","year":"2003","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1590\/S1415-47572000000100042","article-title":"An alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis (comet) assay for environmental bio-monitoring with native rodents","volume":"23","author":"Marinho","year":"2000","journal-title":"Genet. Mol. Biol"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14587","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M311370200","article-title":"Hydrogen peroxide induces topoisomerase I-mediated DNA damage and cell death","volume":"279","author":"Daroui","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrfmmm.2003.06.002","article-title":"The interacting pathways for prevention and repair of oxidative DNA damage","volume":"531","author":"Slupphaug","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mut. Res"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/2\/1\/58\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T22:25:41Z","timestamp":1760221541000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/2\/1\/58"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,30]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph2005010058"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph2005010058","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,30]]}}}