{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T06:49:34Z","timestamp":1778222974279,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,8,14]],"date-time":"2005-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1123977600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Agrichemicals may enter wetlands located adjacent to or downstream from agricultural fields. We investigated the individual and interactive effects of three agrichemicals [atrazine, chlorpyrifos, and monosodium acid methanearsonate (MSMA)] and methyl mercury on abundance and heterotrophic potential of wetland heterotrophic bacteria assemblages. We used a factorial experimental design, in which chemicals were introduced in all possible combinations to 66 500-liter mesocosms at the Biological Field Station of the University of Mississippi. Methyl mercury was added to bring the total mercury (HG) concentration to 0.4 mg\/Kg wet weight at the sediment surface. Atrazine, chlorpyrifos, and MSMA were added at concentrations of 192, 51, and 219\u03bcg\/L, respectively. Over 32 days of exposure, microbial heterotrophic activity was sensitive to only the interactive effect of HG*ATR*CPF in the sediments and only CPF in the water. Total bacterial numbers did not exhibit any significant treatment effects. Therefore, the effects of agrichemicals were reflected on cell-specific bacterial heterotrophic activity rather than bacterial population size.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph2005020019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,25]],"date-time":"2008-10-25T13:52:15Z","timestamp":1224942735000},"page":"328-334","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Assessing Interactions of Multiple Agrichemicals by Using Bacterial Assemblages in a Wetland Mesocosm System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Huey-Min","family":"Hwang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39217, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Neisee","family":"McArthur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39217, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Clifford","family":"Ochs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bruce","family":"Libman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06459, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Newton, R. B. (1989). The effects of stormwater surface runoff on freshwater wetlands: a review of the literature and annotated bibliography, University of Massachusetts."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olson, R. K. (1993). Created and natural wetlands for controlling nonpoint source pollution, U.S. EPA, Office of Research and Development and Office of Wetlands, Oceans, and Watersheds, C.K. Smoley, c\/o CRC Press, Inc.","DOI":"10.1016\/0925-8574(92)90022-T"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.50.5.1177-1180.1985","article-title":"Photochemical and microbial degradation of 2,4, 5-trichloroaniline in a freshwater lake","volume":"50","author":"Hwang","year":"1986","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Hughes, M. N., and Poole, R. K. (1989). Metals and micro-organisms, Chapman and Hall."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Beveridge, T.J., and Doyle, R. J. (1989). Metals and Bacteria, John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1007\/s001289900050","article-title":"A study of microbial transformations of trichloroaniline and p-Cresol using size fractionation technique","volume":"56","author":"Hwang","year":"1996","journal-title":"Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5620080303","article-title":"Assessing interactions of organic compounds during biodegradation of complex waste mixtures by naturally occurring bacterial assemblages","volume":"8","author":"Hwang","year":"1989","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. & Chem"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1007\/s001289900541","article-title":"Degradation of atrazine in subsoils and groundwater mixed with aquifer sediments","volume":"59","author":"Rodriguez","year":"1997","journal-title":"Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5620150105","article-title":"Ecological risk assessment of atrazine in North American surface waters","volume":"15","author":"Solomon","year":"1996","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"U.S. Geological Survey (1999). WRIR 98\u20134222."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"(2002). National primary drinking water regulations, Office of Water. EPA 816-F-02-013."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"1","article-title":"Genetic engineering of herbicide resistance in higher plants","volume":"9","author":"Schulz","year":"1990","journal-title":"Plant Sci"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5620200108","article-title":"Toxicity of pesticides to aquatic microorganisms: A Review","volume":"20","author":"Scott","year":"2001","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1002\/em.20007","article-title":"Clastogenicity of atrazine assessed with the Allium cepa test","volume":"43","author":"Bolle","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ. Mol. Mutagen"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"http:\/\/www.ewg.org\/pub\/home\/reports\/atrazine\/atrazine.html."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Somasundaram, L., and Coats, J. R. (1991). Pesticide transformation products: fate and significance in the environment, American Chemical Society.","DOI":"10.1021\/bk-1991-0459"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Berg, G. L. (1986). Farm Chemicals Handbook, Meister Publishing Company."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"(1989). Registration Standard (2nd round review) for the Reregistration of Pesticide Products Containing Chlorpyrifos, Office of Pesticide Programs, US EPA."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Racke, K. D., and Coats, J. R. (1990). Enhanced biodegradation of pesticides in the environment, American Chemical Society.","DOI":"10.1021\/bk-1990-0426"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Howard, P. H. (1989). Pesticides, Lewis Publishers."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"150","article-title":"The environmental fate of chlorpyrifos","volume":"131","author":"Racke","year":"1992","journal-title":"Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Moore, M. M., Harrington-Brock, K., and Doerr, C. L. (1994). Genotoxicity of arsenic and its methylated metabolites. Chap in Arsenic Exposure and Health. Science and Technology Letters."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Beveridge, T. J., and Doyle, R. J. (1989). Metal ions and bacteria, John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Rand, G. M. (1995). Fundamentals of Aquatic Toxicology, Taylor &Francis. [2nd ed]."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Chang, L. W. (1996). Toxicology of Metals, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Atlas, R. M., and Bartha, R. (1993). Microbial Ecology: Fundamentals and Applications, The Benjamin Cummings Publishing Company, Inc. [3rd ed]."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1007\/s001289900742","article-title":"Abundance, metamorphosis, developmental, and behavioral abnormalities in Hyla chrysoscelis Tadpoles following exposure to three agrichemicals and methyl mercury in outdoor mesocosms","volume":"61","author":"Britson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.33.5.1225-1228.1977","article-title":"Use of Nucleopore filters for counting bacteria by fluorescence microscopy","volume":"33","author":"Hobbie","year":"1977","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"(1988). SAS\/STAT User\u2019s Guide, Release 6.03 Ed."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1007\/s00128-004-0351-y","article-title":"Effect of river humic acid on 1-aminopyrene ecotoxicity in a dynamic solar photolysis process","volume":"72","author":"Hwang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bull. Environ. Contam. & Toxicol"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Landis, W. G., and Yu, M.-H. (1995). Introduction to environmental toxicology: impacts of chemicals upon ecological systems, Lewis Publishers."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.arplant.47.1.127","article-title":"The function and regulation of glutathione s-transferases in plants","volume":"47","author":"Marrs","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. and Plant Molecul. Biol"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/2\/2\/328\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T22:25:43Z","timestamp":1760221543000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/2\/2\/328"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,8,14]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph2005020019"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph2005020019","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,8,14]]}}}