{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T15:15:27Z","timestamp":1761664527319,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]],"date-time":"2023-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677024000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cardiovascular risk factors aggregate in determined individuals. Patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have higher cardiovascular This study aimed to investigate insulinresistance (IR) and \u03b2-cell function using the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) indexes in a general Kazakh population and determine the effect he effect that cardiovascular factors may have on those indexes. We conducted a cross-sectional study among employees of the Khoja Akhmet Yassawi International Kazakh-Turkish University (Turkistan, Kazakhstan) aged between 27 and 69 years. Sociodemographic variables, anthropometric measurements (body mass, height, waist circumference, hip circumference), and blood pressure were obtained. Fasting blood samples were collected to measure insulin, glucose, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), and high- (HDL) andlow-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels. Oral glucose tolerance tests were performed. Hierarchical and K-means cluster analyses were obtained. The final sample was composed of 427 participants. Spearmen correlation analysis showed that cardiovascular parameters were statistically associated with HOMA-\u03b2 (p &lt; 0.001) and not with HOMA IR. Participants were aggregated into the three clusters where the cluster with a higher age and cardiovascular risk revealed deficient \u03b2-cell functioning, but not IR (p &lt; 0.000 and p = 0.982). Common and easy to obtain biochemical and anthropometric measurements capturing relevant cardiovascular risk factors have been demonstrated to be associated with significant deficiency in insulin secretion. Although further longitudinal studies of the incidence of T2DM are needed, this study highlights that cardiovascular profiling has a significant role not just for risk stratification of patients for cardiovascular prevention but also for targeted vigilant glucose monitoring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20053918","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]],"date-time":"2023-02-23T02:28:57Z","timestamp":1677119337000},"page":"3918","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Associations of Clusters of Cardiovascular Risk Factors with Insulin Resistance and \u0392-Cell Functioning in a Working-Age Diabetic-Free Population in Kazakhstan"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1786-5209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yerbolat","family":"Saruarov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Special Clinical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine, Khoja Akhmet Yassawi International Kazakh-Turkish University, Turkistan 161200, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gulnaz","family":"Nuskabayeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Special Clinical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine, Khoja Akhmet Yassawi International Kazakh-Turkish University, Turkistan 161200, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mehmet Ziya","family":"Gencer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Special Clinical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine, Khoja Akhmet Yassawi International Kazakh-Turkish University, Turkistan 161200, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karlygash","family":"Sadykova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Special Clinical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine, Khoja Akhmet Yassawi International Kazakh-Turkish University, Turkistan 161200, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mira","family":"Zhunissova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Special Clinical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine, Khoja Akhmet Yassawi International Kazakh-Turkish University, Turkistan 161200, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7519-479X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ugilzhan","family":"Tatykayeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Pathology and Physiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Khoja Akhmet Yassawi International Kazakh-Turkish University, Turkistan 161200, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elmira","family":"Iskandirova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Therapy, Shymkent Medical Institute, Khoja Akhmet Yassawi International Kazakh-Turkish University, Shymkent 160019, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gulmira","family":"Sarsenova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Therapy, Shymkent Medical Institute, Khoja Akhmet Yassawi International Kazakh-Turkish University, Shymkent 160019, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aigul","family":"Durmanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center, Astana 020000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9844-8772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abduzhappar","family":"Gaipov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center, Astana 020000, Kazakhstan"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Nazarbayev University School of Medicine, Astana 020000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7048-1511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kuralay","family":"Atageldiyeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center, Astana 020000, Kazakhstan"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Nazarbayev University School of Medicine, Astana 020000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5734-7468","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Sarr\u00eda-Santamera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Nazarbayev University School of Medicine, Astana 020000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2224","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61766-8","article-title":"A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990-2010: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010","volume":"380","author":"Lim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rhee, E.-J., Han, K., Ko, S.-H., Ko, K.-S., and Lee, W.-Y. 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