{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T18:10:31Z","timestamp":1790187031764,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,24]],"date-time":"2023-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Central Universities Basic Scientific Research Business Fund","award":["2022JKF02063"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022JKF02063"]}]},{"name":"Central Universities Basic Scientific Research Business Fund","award":["2022JXYJ009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022JXYJ009"]}]},{"name":"Teaching Research Project of the People\u2019s Public Security University of China","award":["2022JKF02063"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022JKF02063"]}]},{"name":"Teaching Research Project of the People\u2019s Public Security University of China","award":["2022JXYJ009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022JXYJ009"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>On the basis of self-efficacy theory, self-control theory and psychological resilience theory, this paper discusses the relationship between physical exercise, self-efficacy, self-control, psychological resilience and Internet addiction among adolescents in Beijing. A convenience sampling method was used to conduct a questionnaire survey on physical activity and Internet addiction among 466 adolescents from first to third year in 10 high schools in Beijing, of which 41% were girls and 59% were boys; 1.9% of students were 14 years old, 42.5% were 15 years old, 23.4% were 16 years old, 31.3% were 17 years old and 0.9% were 18 years old. Using the research methods of the literature, correlation analysis and multiple intermediary structure model, this paper constructed and tested the multiple intermediary model between physical exercise and Internet addiction. The results show that physical exercise can significantly predict self-efficacy, psychological resilience and self-control; self-efficacy, psychological resilience and self-control significantly interfered with Internet addiction behaviour; there was a significant difference in the total effect of multiple intermediaries; the effect value was \u22120.173; the specific indirect effects of self-efficacy, psychological resilience and self-control had intermediary effects in the relationship between physical exercise and Internet addiction; and there was no difference in specific indirect effects. This paper puts forward some countermeasures and suggestions to prevent teenagers\u2019 Internet addiction from cultivating, such as through good sports activities, thereby improving their Internet addiction. We should actively strive to improve teenagers\u2019 deep understanding of the effect of physical exercise and gradually form physical exercise habits, with sports addiction replacing Internet addiction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20054030","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,24]],"date-time":"2023-02-24T02:32:12Z","timestamp":1677205932000},"page":"4030","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Multiple Intermediary Model Test of Adolescent Physical Exercise and Internet Addiction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Cheng","family":"Qiu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Police Sports and Warfare Training Academy, People\u2019s Public Security University of China, Huangyi Rd., Daxing District, Beijing 100038, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8623-6692","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yufei","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education and Research, Central South University, 932 Lushan South Rd., Changsha 410083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yao","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Cross-Cutting Education, Beijing College of Finance and Commerce, No. 15, Shuuiduizi East Rd., Chaoyang District, Beijing 100026, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Ministry of the Education of the People\u2019s Republic of China (2023, February 15). Law of the People\u2019s Republic of China on the Promotion of Family Education, Available online: http:\/\/www.moe.gov.cn\/jyb_sjzl\/sjzl_zcfg\/zcfg_qtxgfl\/202110\/t20211025_574749.html."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Ministry of the Education of the People\u2019s Republic of China (2023, February 15). Healthy Use of the Internet Home and School Together, Available online: http:\/\/www.moe.gov.cn\/jyb_xwfb\/moe_2082\/zl_2018n\/2018_zl29\/201804\/t20180424_334079.html."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"1085","article-title":"Mediating Role of College Students\u2019 Self-Control in Physical Exercise and Procrastination","volume":"39","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hubei Sport. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"67","article-title":"Influence of Physical Exercise on School Bullying of Junior Middle School Students\u2014Chain Mediation Role of Psychological Resilience and Self-efficacy","volume":"38","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Phys. Educ."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"262","article-title":"Self-control Affects the Attention Guidance Effect of Internet Addiction Tendencies","volume":"30","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin. J. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2017.09.027","article-title":"Is resilience a protective factor of internet addiction?","volume":"78","author":"Robertson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"545","article-title":"Relationships between general self-efficacy and mobile game addiction among middle school students:mediating effect of time management disposition","volume":"34","author":"LI","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sichuan Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"705","article-title":"Self-efficacy","volume":"Volume 2","author":"Rogelberg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Encyclopedia Of Industrial\/Organizational Psychology"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"7","article-title":"The Effect of Physical Exercise on Mental Health: The Chain Mediating Effect of Social Interaction and Self-Efficacy","volume":"40","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fujian Sport. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2009.10.014","article-title":"Social self-efficacy, academic locus of control, and internet addiction","volume":"54","author":"Akin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comput. Educ."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"98","article-title":"The effect of physical exercise on secondary school students\u2019 psychological health: The mediating role of selfefficacy","volume":"52","author":"Sheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chin. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-019-00160-8","article-title":"Internet addiction and perceived self-efficacy among university students","volume":"19","author":"Berte","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Ment. Health Addict."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1007\/s12662-019-00603-3","article-title":"Mental toughness in sport","volume":"49","author":"Liew","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ger. J. Exerc. Sport Res."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"138","article-title":"Relationship between Physical Activity and Learning Burnout of Physically Disadvantaged College Students: The Mediating Role of Psychological Resilience","volume":"30","author":"Ding","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bull. Sport Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"225","article-title":"The roles of physical activity, exercise, and fitness in promoting resilience during adolescence: Effects on mental well-being and brain development","volume":"6","author":"Belcher","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry Cogn. Neurosci. Neuroimaging"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ho FK, W., Louie LH, T., Chow, C.B., Wong, W.H.S., and Ip, P. (2015). Physical activity improves mental health through resilience in Hong Kong Chinese adolescents. BMC Pediatr., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-015-0365-0"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e17","DOI":"10.1017\/prp.2020.10","article-title":"Is psychological resilience a protective factor between motivations and excessive smartphone use?","volume":"14","author":"Shen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pac. Rim Psychol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2013.02.014","article-title":"Motivational, emotional, and behavioral correlates of fear of missing out","volume":"29","author":"Przybylski","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2016.09.055","article-title":"Motivators of online vulnerability: The impact of social network site use and FOMO","volume":"66","author":"Buglass","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2020.110170","article-title":"Better regulatory performance without greater cognitive resource expenditure: The effect of motivational states on self-regulation","volume":"166","author":"Ouyang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pers. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"940","article-title":"Effects of Acute and Moderate-intensity Aerobic Exercises on Inhibiting Ability of College Students: Evidence from Behavior and Physiology","volume":"35","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chin. J. Sport. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"1037","article-title":"Mediation role of self-control in the association between physical exercise and aggressive behavior among college freshmen","volume":"39","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin. J. Sch. Health"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1348\/135910706X96481","article-title":"Longitudinal gains in self-regulation from regular physical exercise","volume":"11","author":"Oaten","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br. J. Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1037\/a0021766","article-title":"Exercise improves executive function and achievement and alters brain activation in overweight children: A randomized, controlled trial","volume":"30","author":"Davis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"106","article-title":"Effects of different addiction states on activities, personalities and self-control ability among undergraduate Internet users","volume":"40","author":"Hou","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Zhejiang Univ."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"603","article-title":"Subjective well-being and internet addiction of adolescents: Mediating roles of self-esteem and self-control","volume":"31","author":"Songli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychol. Dev. Edu."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, G., Tan, G.X., Li, Y.X., Liu, H.Y., and Wang, S.T. (2019). Physical Exercise Decreases the Mobile Phone Dependence of University Students in China: The Mediating Role of Self-Control. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16214098"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"5","article-title":"Stress levels of students in higher education and their relationship with physical activity","volume":"01","author":"Liang","year":"1994","journal-title":"Chin. Ment. Health J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-6570.2007.00083.x","article-title":"Positive psychological capital: Measurement and relationship with performance and satisfaction","volume":"60","author":"Luthans","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pers. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"279","article-title":"Development and psychometric properties of the Chinese Internet Addiction Scale","volume":"45","author":"Chen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chin. J. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"468","article-title":"Revision of Self-Control Scale for Chinese College Students","volume":"16","author":"Tan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chin. J. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"942","article-title":"Statistical Remedies for Common Method Biases","volume":"12","author":"Zhou","year":"2004","journal-title":"Adv. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Hair, J.F., Black, W.C., Babin, B.J., Anderson, R., and Tatham, R. (2009). Exploratory Factor Analysis Multivariate Data Analysis, Prentice Hall."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1177\/002224378101800104","article-title":"Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error","volume":"18","author":"Fornell","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Mark. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.51.6.1173","article-title":"The moderator\u2013mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations","volume":"51","author":"Baron","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Personal. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.2307\/270723","article-title":"Asymptotic confidence intervals for indirect effects in structural equation models","volume":"13","author":"Sobel","year":"1982","journal-title":"Sociol. Methodol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1080\/03637750903310360","article-title":"Beyond Baron and Kenny: Statistical Mediation Analysis in the New Millennium","volume":"76","author":"Hayes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Commun. Monogr."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1207\/s15506878jobem4704_5","article-title":"The importance of indirect effects in media effects research: Testing for mediation in structural equation modeling","volume":"47","author":"Holbert","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Broadcast. Electron. Media"},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"MacKinnon, D.P., Lockwood, C., and Hoffman, J. (1998). A New Method to Test for Mediation Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Society for Prevention Research, American Psychological Association."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Du, D.H., and Zheng, G.H. (2022, January 10). Mental health effects of physical activity during an epidemic: A study based on physical activity level and body self-concept. Proceedings of the 12th National Sports Science Congress, Rizhao, China."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"132","article-title":"Effects, Mechanisms and Prospects of Exercise Promoting Mental Health","volume":"51","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"China Sport Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"102","article-title":"Effects of physical exercise on negative emotion for university students\u2014The mediating and moderating effects of self-efficacy and mental resilience","volume":"27","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Phys. Educ."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Zhu, H., Zheng, Y., Zhu, F.S., Yao, M.Z., and Zhang, Z.K. (2019). Physical exercise to prevent relational aggression in college students: The mediating role of self-control. Sport. World, 11."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"105","article-title":"Effect of Physical Exercise on Subjective Well-being of College Students: Chain Mediation Effect of Cognitive Reappraisal and Resilience","volume":"38","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Shandong Sport Univ."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"106","article-title":"Gender differences and relationship between internet addiction and perceived social self-efficacy among adolescents","volume":"9","author":"Kaur","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J. Health Wellbeing"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2017.0319","article-title":"The relationship between resilience and internet addiction: A multiple mediation model through peer relationship and depression","volume":"20","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol. Behav. Soc. Netw."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"713","article-title":"Relationship between Stress and Online Game Addiction in Male College Students: The Mediating Effects of Self-control","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stud. Psychol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2007.10.010","article-title":"The relationship between online game addiction and aggression, self-control and narcissistic personality traits","volume":"23","author":"Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"108","article-title":"Relationship Between Transactional Leadership Behavior and College Students\u2019 Willingness to Exercise: Chain-type Intermediary of Exercise Self-efficacy and Physical Education Class Satisfaction","volume":"38","author":"Yan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Shenyang Sport Univ."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"69","article-title":"Study on the Relationship between Exercise Motivation, Physical Self-efficacy and Sports Participation of Junior High School Students","volume":"39","author":"Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sichuan Sport. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"186","article-title":"The relationship between physical activity and self-efficacy and hostility in adolescents","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Contemp. Sport. Technol."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"83","article-title":"The Relationship Between Sense of Security and Learning Engagement of Rural Left-Behind Junior High Students: The Chain Mediating Role of Academic Self-Effhcacy and Internet Addiction","volume":"1","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin. J. Spec. Educ."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"623","article-title":"Relationship between self-efficacy and internet addiction:Mediating role of coping styles","volume":"27","author":"Cheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"China J. Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"1111","article-title":"The Relationship of Internet Addiction, General Self-efficacy and Loneliness of College Students","volume":"26","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"China J. Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"23","article-title":"Effect of a period of selective aerobic exercises on self-efficacy","volume":"11","author":"Heydari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Happiness Mindfulness Addicts"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002830","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.1002830","article-title":"Analysis of the mediating effects of self-efficacy and self-control between physical activity and Internet addiction among Chinese college students","volume":"13","author":"Du","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"29","article-title":"Research on Physical Exercise and Psychological Resillience of Disabled Colege Students from the Perspective of Positive Psychology","volume":"28","author":"Su","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bull. Sport Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.5430\/ijhe.v9n2p144","article-title":"Social self-efficacy and its relationship to loneliness and internet addiction among hashemite university students","volume":"9","author":"Gazo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. High. Educ."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"144","article-title":"Correlation among psychological resilience, loneliness, and internet addiction among left-behind children in China: A cross-sectional study","volume":"9","author":"Gazo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4566","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-020-00970-3","article-title":"Correlation among psychological resilience, loneliness, and internet addiction among left-behind children in China: A cross-sectional study","volume":"41","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"3399","article-title":"Correlation between self-control and mobile phone dependence of 325 soldiers in a troop","volume":"37","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Occup. Health"},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"4","article-title":"Introduction to the Resource Model of Self-Control","volume":"22","author":"Jin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sci. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"387","article-title":"The effect of negative life events on adolescent internet addiction and the mediated role of self-control","volume":"18","author":"Mo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Campus Life Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1111\/phn.12394","article-title":"Effects of a prevention program for internet addiction among middle school students in South Korea","volume":"35","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Public Health Nurs."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kjss.2016.08.003","article-title":"Effect of sports participation on internet addiction mediated by self-control: A case of korean adolescents","volume":"37","author":"Park","year":"2016","journal-title":"Kasetsart J. Soc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"37","article-title":"Adolescent Internet addiction and the construction of good family culture","volume":"09","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hunan Educ."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"68","article-title":"Research on Effect of Sports Correcting Adolescents with Internet Addliction Disorder and Its Mechanism from the Perspective of Human Instinct","volume":"52","author":"Hu","year":"2016","journal-title":"China Sport Sci. Technol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/20\/5\/4030\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:41:10Z","timestamp":1760121670000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/20\/5\/4030"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,24]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph20054030"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph20054030","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,24]]}}}