{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T09:44:26Z","timestamp":1785577466657,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,25]],"date-time":"2023-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677283200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although a higher lung cancer risk has been already associated with arsenic exposure, the contribution of arsenic and its compounds to the carcinogenic effects of other agents, such as tobacco smoke, is not well characterized. This systematic review examined the relationship between occupational and non-occupational arsenic exposure and tobacco smoking on lung cancer risk using papers published from 2010 to 2022. Two databases, PUBMED and Scifinder, were used for the searches. Among the sixteen human studies included, four were about occupational exposure, and the others were about arsenic in drinking water. Furthermore, only three case-control studies and two cohort studies evaluated an additive or multiplicative interaction. The interaction between arsenic exposure and tobacco smoke seems to be negligible at low arsenic concentrations (&lt;100 \u03bcg\/L), while there is a synergistic effect at higher concentrations. Finally, it is not yet possible to assess whether a linear no-threshold (LNT) model for lung cancer risk can be applied to the co-exposure to arsenic and tobacco smoke. Although the methodological quality of the included studies is good, these findings suggest that rigorous and accurate prospective studies on this topic are highly needed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20054167","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]],"date-time":"2023-02-27T03:23:36Z","timestamp":1677468216000},"page":"4167","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Interaction between Occupational and Non-Occupational Arsenic Exposure and Tobacco Smoke on Lung Cancerogenesis: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9201-8731","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppina","family":"Folesani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL-Italian Workers\u2019 Compensation Authority, Via Fontana Candida 1, Monte Porzio Catone, 00078 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8061-8649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maricla","family":"Galetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL-Italian Workers\u2019 Compensation Authority, Via Fontana Candida 1, Monte Porzio Catone, 00078 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pier Giorgio","family":"Petronini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Viale Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6883-8040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paola","family":"Mozzoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Viale Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy"},{"name":"Center of Excellence for Toxicological Research (CERT), University of Parma, Viale Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3578-3917","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"La Monica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Viale Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2331-1464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Delia","family":"Cavallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL-Italian Workers\u2019 Compensation Authority, Via Fontana Candida 1, Monte Porzio Catone, 00078 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2808-4184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimo","family":"Corradi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Viale Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy"},{"name":"Center of Excellence for Toxicological Research (CERT), University of Parma, Viale Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Kuivenhoven, M., and Mason, K. 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