{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T01:52:29Z","timestamp":1783475549855,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]],"date-time":"2023-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Social Science Foundation of China","award":["19BTY077"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19BTY077"]}]},{"name":"National Social Science Foundation of China","award":["11DZ2261100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11DZ2261100"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Institutions of Higher Learning","award":["19BTY077"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19BTY077"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Institutions of Higher Learning","award":["11DZ2261100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11DZ2261100"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002397","name":"Shanghai University of Sport","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["19BTY077"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19BTY077"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002397","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002397","name":"Shanghai University of Sport","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["11DZ2261100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11DZ2261100"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002397","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Preschool children are in a period of rapid physical and psychological development, and improving their level of physical fitness is important for their health. To better develop the physical fitness of preschool children, it is very important to understand the behavioral attributes that promote the physical fitness of preschool children. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of and the differences between different physical exercise programs in improving preschool children\u2019s physical fitness. Methods: A total of 309 preschool children aged 4\u20135 years were recruited from 5 kindergartens to participate in the experiment. They were cluster-randomly allocated into five groups: basic movements (BM) group, rhythm activities (RA) group, ball games (BG) group, multiple activities (MA) group, and control (CG) group. The intervention groups received designed physical exercise programs with a duration of 30 min 3 times per week for 16 weeks. The CG group received unorganized physical activity (PA) with no interventions. The physical fitness of preschool children was measured using the PREFIT battery before and after the interventions. One-way analysis of variance, a nonparametric test; generalized linear models (GLM); and generalized linear mixed models (GLMM) were used to examine differences during the pre-experimental stage among groups and to assess the differential effects of the intervention conditions on all outcome indicators. The intervention condition models were adjusted for potential confounders (baseline test results, age, gender, height, weight, and body mass index) explaining the main outcome variance. Results: The final sample consisted of 253 participants (girls 46.3%) with an average age of 4.55 \u00b1 0.28 years: the BG group (n = 55), the RA group (n = 52), the BM group (n = 45), the MA group (n = 44), and the CG group (n = 57). The results of the generalized linear mixed model and generalized linear model analyses indicated significant differences for all physical fitness tests between groups, except for the 20 m shuttle run test and the sit-and-reach test after the interventions. Grip strength was significantly higher in the BG and MA groups than in the BM group. The scores for standing long jump were significantly higher in the MA group than in the other groups. The scores for the 10 m shuttle run test were significantly lower in the BG and MA groups than in the CG, BM, and RA groups. The scores for skip jump were significantly lower in the BG and MA groups than in the RA group. The scores for balance beam were significantly lower in the BG and MA groups than in the RA group and significantly lower in the BG group than in the BM group. The scores for standing on one foot were significantly higher in the BG and MA groups than in the CG and RA groups and significantly higher in the BM group than in the CG group. Conclusions: Physical exercise programs designed for preschool physical education have positive effects on the physical fitness of preschool children. Compared with the exercise programs with a single project and action form, the comprehensive exercise programs with multiple action forms can better improve the physical fitness of preschool children.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20054254","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,28]],"date-time":"2023-02-28T02:28:09Z","timestamp":1677551289000},"page":"4254","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["The Effect of Different Physical Exercise Programs on Physical Fitness among Preschool Children: A Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1745-9956","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guangxu","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China"},{"name":"College of Physical Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Physical Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China"},{"name":"National Institute of Sports Medicine, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shikun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingying","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danqing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China"},{"name":"Shanghai Research Center for Physical Fitness and Health of Children and Adolescents, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0803774","article-title":"Physical fitness in childhood and adolescence: A powerful marker of health","volume":"32","author":"Ortega","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. 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