{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T08:36:49Z","timestamp":1782463009285,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,2]],"date-time":"2023-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677715200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Helios Kliniken GmbH","award":["2021-0428"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-0428"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Reconstruction after female genital mutilation (FGM) has developed from being merely a therapy for complications to addressing body perception and sexuality. However, evidence regarding a direct correlation between FGM and sexual dysfunction is scarce. The present WHO classification provides an imprecise grading system, which makes it difficult to compare present studies with treatment outcomes. The aim of this study was to develop a new grading system based on a retrospective study of Type III FGM, evaluating operative time and postoperative results. Methods: The extent of clitoral involvement, operative time of prepuce reconstruction and lack of prepuce reconstruction, and postoperative complications of 85 patients with FGM-Type III were retrospectively analyzed at the Desert Flower Center (Waldfriede Hospital, Berlin). Results: Even though universally graded by the WHO, large differences in the degree of damage were found after deinfibulation. In only 42% of patients, a partly resected clitoral glans was found after deinfibulation. There was no significant difference in operative time when comparing patients who required prepuce reconstruction and patients who did not (p = 0.1693). However, we found significantly longer operative time in patients who presented with a completely or partly resected clitoral glans when compared to patients with an intact clitoral glans underneath the infibulating scar (p &lt; 0.0001). Two of the 34 patients (5.9%) who had a partly resected clitoris required revision surgery, while none of the patients in whom an intact clitoris was discovered under the infibulation required revision. However, these differences in the complication rates between patients with and without a partly resected clitoris were not statistically significant (p = 0.1571). Conclusions: A significantly longer operative time was found in patients who presented with a completely or partly resected clitoral glans when compared with patients with an intact clitoral glans underneath the infibulating scar. Furthermore, we found a higher, though not significantly significant, complication rate in patients with a mutilated clitoral glans. In contrast to Type I and II mutilations, the presence of an intact or mutilated clitoral glans underneath the infibulation scar is not addressed in the present WHO classification. We have developed a more precise classification, which may serve as a useful tool when conducting and comparing research studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20054439","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,2]],"date-time":"2023-03-02T03:06:43Z","timestamp":1677726403000},"page":"4439","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Postoperative Course of Reconstructive Procedures in FGM Type III-Proposal for a Modified Classification of Type III Female Genital Mutilation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3415-3051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Uwe","family":"von Fritschen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Hand Surgery, HELIOS Hospital Emil von Behring, Walterh\u00f6ferstr. 11, 14165 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cornelia","family":"Strunz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Desert Flower Center, Center of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Surgery, Hospital Waldfriede, Argentinische Allee 40, 14163 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roland","family":"Scherer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Desert Flower Center, Center of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Surgery, Hospital Waldfriede, Argentinische Allee 40, 14163 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marisa","family":"von Fritschen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Hand Surgery, HELIOS Hospital Emil von Behring, Walterh\u00f6ferstr. 11, 14165 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alba","family":"Fricke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Hand Surgery, HELIOS Hospital Emil von Behring, Walterh\u00f6ferstr. 11, 14165 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, University of Freiburg Medical Centre, Medical Faculty of the University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Stra\u00dfe 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ortensi, L.E., Farina, P., and Leye, E. 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