{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T15:10:21Z","timestamp":1784560221967,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,2]],"date-time":"2023-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677715200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Norwegian Research Council","award":["250127"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["250127"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In line with the work environment hypothesis, the present study investigates whether department-level perceptions of hostile work climate moderate the relationship between psychosocial predictors of workplace bullying (i.e., role conflicts and workload) and exposure to bullying behaviours in the workplace. The data were collected among all employees in a Belgian university and constitutes of 1354 employees across 134 departments. As hypothesized, analyses showed positive main effects of role conflict and workload on exposure to bullying behaviours. In addition, the hypothesized strengthening effect of department-level hostile work climate on the relationship between individual-level job demands and individual exposure to bullying behaviours was significant for role conflict. Specifically, the positive relationship between role conflict and exposure to bullying behaviours was stronger among employees working in departments characterized by a pronounced hostile work climate. In contrast to our predictions, a positive relationship existed between workload and exposure to bullying behaviours, yet only among individuals in departments with low hostile work climate. These findings contribute to the bullying research field by showing that hostile work climate may strengthen the impact of role stress on bullying behaviours, most likely by posing as an additional distal stressor, which may fuel a bullying process. These findings have important theoretical as well as applied implications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20054464","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,2]],"date-time":"2023-03-02T04:57:38Z","timestamp":1677733058000},"page":"4464","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["When the Going Gets Tough and the Environment Is Rough: The Role of Departmental Level Hostile Work Climate in the Relationships between Job Stressors and Workplace Bullying"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5376-8652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lena","family":"Zahlquist","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"BI Norwegian Business School, Kong, Chr. Frederiks gate 5, 5006 Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00f8rn","family":"Hetland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BI Norwegian Business School, Kong, Chr. Frederiks gate 5, 5006 Bergen, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Christiesgate 12, 5020 Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4482-0014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guy","family":"Notelaers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Christiesgate 12, 5020 Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0202-4650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Rosander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Link\u00f6ping University, 581 83 Link\u00f6ping, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2999-1579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"St\u00e5le Valvatne","family":"Einarsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Christiesgate 12, 5020 Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Einarsen, S.V., Hoel, H., Zapf, D., and Cooper, C.L. (2020). Bullying and Harassment in the Workplace: Theory, Research and Practice, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9780429462528"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Einarsen, S.V., Hoel, H., Zapf, D., and Cooper, C.L. (2020). Bullying and Harassment in the Workplace: Theory, Research and Practice, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9780429462528"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-020-01575-w","article-title":"Killing two birds with one stone: How intervening when witnessing bullying at the workplace may help both target and the acting observer","volume":"94","author":"Nielsen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583324","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.583324","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of patients seeking treatment for common mental disorders presenting with workplace bullying experiences","volume":"11","author":"Aarestad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1080\/02678370903227357","article-title":"Cross-lagged relationships between workplace bullying, job satisfaction and engagement: Two longitudinal studies","volume":"23","author":"Baillien","year":"2009","journal-title":"Work Stress"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1080\/02678373.2012.734709","article-title":"Outcomes of exposure to workplace bullying: A meta-analytic review","volume":"26","author":"Nielsen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Work Stress"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2012.08.004","article-title":"20 years of workplace bullying research: A review of the antecedents and consequences of bullying in the workplace","volume":"17","author":"Samnani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aggress. Violent Behav."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"381","article-title":"Bullying and harassment at work and their relationships to work environment quality: An exploratory study","volume":"4","author":"Einarsen","year":"1994","journal-title":"Eur. J. Work Organ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1080\/13594329608414853","article-title":"The content and development of mobbing at work","volume":"5","author":"Leymann","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur. J. Work Organ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1111\/1748-8583.12200","article-title":"The moderating effect of laissez-faire leadership on the relationship between co-worker conflicts and new cases of workplace bullying: A true prospective design","volume":"28","author":"Einarsen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Resour. Manag. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1201\/9780429462528-2","article-title":"The Concept of Bullying and Harassment at Work: The European Tradition","volume":"Volume 3","author":"Einarsen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bullying and Harassment in the Workplace: Theory, Research and Practice"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.91.5.998","article-title":"Workplace harassment from the victim\u2019s perspective: A theoretical model and meta-analysis","volume":"91","author":"Bowling","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2016.06.004","article-title":"The role of work stressors, coping strategies and coping resources in the process of workplace bullying: A systematic review and development of a comprehensive model","volume":"29","author":"Baillien","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aggress. Violent Behav."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1108\/01437729910268588","article-title":"The nature and causes of bullying at work","volume":"20","author":"Einarsen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Manpow."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Felson, R.B., and Tedeschi, J.T. (1993). Aggression and Violence: Social Interactionist Perspectives, American Psychological Association.","DOI":"10.1037\/10123-000"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Janssens, H., Braeckman, L., De Clercq, B., Casini, A., De Bacquer, D., Kittel, F., and Clays, E. (2016). The indirect association of job strain with long-term sickness absence through bullying: A mediation analysis using structural equation modeling. BMC Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-3522-y"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1177\/0143831X12438742","article-title":"Testing the strain hypothesis of the Demand Control Model to explain severe bullying at work","volume":"34","author":"Notelaers","year":"2013","journal-title":"Econ. Ind. Democr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8325.2010.02016.x","article-title":"Conservation of resource caravans and engaged settings","volume":"84","author":"Hobfoll","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Occup. Organ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1111\/joop.12211","article-title":"Psychosocial safety climate as a moderator of the moderators: Contextualizing JDR models and emotional demands effects","volume":"91","author":"Loh","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Occup. Organ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1037\/ocp0000315","article-title":"Putting workplace bullying in context: The role of high-involvement work practices in the relationship between job demands, job resources, and bullying exposure","volume":"27","author":"Vranjes","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Occup. Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"3","article-title":"The Concept of Bullying and Harassment at Work: The European Tradition","volume":"Volume 3","author":"Einarsen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bullying and Harassment in the Workplace: Developments in Theory, Research and Practice"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1080\/1359432X.2012.690558","article-title":"The world turns at 33 and 45: Defining simple cutoff scores for the Negative Acts Questionnaire\u2013Revised in a representative sample","volume":"22","author":"Notelaers","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Work Organ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1093\/annweh\/wxx105","article-title":"Optimal cut-off points for the Short-Negative Act Questionnaire and their association with depressive symptoms and diagnosis of depression","volume":"62","author":"Conway","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Work Expo. Health"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1007\/s10551-015-2653-x","article-title":"Workplace bullying: Considering the interaction between individual and work environment","volume":"139","author":"Samnani","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Bus. Ethics"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"182","article-title":"Het Job Demands-Resources Model: Overzicht en kritische beschouwing","volume":"26","author":"Schaufeli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gedrag En Organ."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1037\/a0021593","article-title":"When distress hits home: The role of contextual factors and psychological distress in predicting employees\u2019 responses to abusive supervision","volume":"96","author":"Scott","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"261","article-title":"Abusive supervision in work organizations: Review, synthesis, and research agenda","volume":"33","author":"Tepper","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Manag."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"119","article-title":"Job satisfaction and public service motivation in Australian nurses: The effects of abusive supervision and workplace bullying","volume":"27","author":"Ng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum. Resour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1037\/a0035863","article-title":"Hostile climate, abusive supervision, and employee coping: Does conscientiousness matter?","volume":"99","author":"Mawritz","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.2307\/256963","article-title":"Monkey see, monkey do: The influence of work groups on the antisocial behavior of employees","volume":"41","author":"Robinson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acad. Manag. J."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1177\/0143831X09336557","article-title":"Why is organizational change related to workplace bullying? Role conflict and job insecurity as mediators","volume":"30","author":"Baillien","year":"2009","journal-title":"Econ. Ind. Democr."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/job.4030160104","article-title":"Occupational stress: Coping of police and their spouses","volume":"16","author":"Beehr","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Organ. Behav."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Kahn, R.L., Wolfe, D.M., Quinn, R.P., Snoek, J.D., and Rosenthal, R.A. (1964). Organizational Stress: Studies in Role Conflict and Ambiguity, John Wiley."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Dunnette, M.D., and Hough, L.M. (1992). Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Consulting Psychologists Press."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1533-8525.1992.tb00360.x","article-title":"\u201cKick \u2019Em When They\u2019re Down\u201d: Explanations of the Relationship Between Stress and Interpersonal Aggression and Violence","volume":"33","author":"Felson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Sociol. Q."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1080\/02678373.2012.714543","article-title":"The impact of role stressors on workplace bullying in both victims and perpetrators, controlling for personal vulnerability factors: A longitudinal analysis","volume":"26","author":"Balducci","year":"2012","journal-title":"Work Stress"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1080\/02678370903395568","article-title":"Individual and situational predictors of workplace bullying: Why do perpetrators engage in the bullying of others?","volume":"23","author":"Hauge","year":"2009","journal-title":"Work Stress"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fox, S., and Spector, P.E. (2005). Counterproductive Work Behavior: Investigations of Actors and Targets, American Psychological Association.","DOI":"10.1037\/10893-000"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1080\/02678370701705810","article-title":"Relationships between stressful work environments and bullying: Results of a large representative study","volume":"21","author":"Hauge","year":"2007","journal-title":"Work Stress"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"423","article-title":"Daily work pressure and exposure to bullying-related negative acts: The role of daily transformational and laissez-faire leadership","volume":"39","author":"Skogstad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Manag. J."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Van Veldhoven, M., and Meijman, T. (1994). Questionnaire on the Experience and Assessment of Work: VBBA\u2014English Version, The Foundation for Quality in Occupational Health Care."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.5465\/amj.2005.18803921","article-title":"A meta-analytic test of the challenge stressor\u2013hindrance stressor framework: An explanation for inconsistent relationships among stressors and performance","volume":"48","author":"LePine","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acad. Manag. J."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/casp.977","article-title":"A qualitative study on the development of workplace bullying: Towards a three way model","volume":"19","author":"Baillien","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Community Appl. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Elias, R. (1986). The Politics of Victimization: Victims, Victimology, and Human Rights, Oxford University Press."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"12","article-title":"Mobbing\u2014Eine extreme Form sozialer Stressoren am Arbeitsplatz","volume":"40","author":"Knorz","year":"1996","journal-title":"Z. F\u00fcr Arb.-Und Organ."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"209","article-title":"Cross-national job stress: A quantitative and qualitative study","volume":"28","author":"Liu","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Organ. Behav. Int. J. Ind. Occup. Organ. Psychol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.2307\/2392563","article-title":"A social information processing approach to job attitudes and task design","volume":"23","author":"Salancik","year":"1978","journal-title":"Adm. Sci. Q."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2017","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.02017","article-title":"Job demands as risk factors of exposure to bullying at work: The moderating role of team-level conflict management climate","volume":"10","author":"Zahlquist","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Rivlin, J.N. (2001). Conflict Management Climate Related to Employment Litigation, Georgia Institute of Technology\u2009ProQuest Dissertations Publishing."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1080\/09585192.2016.1164216","article-title":"Climate for conflict management, exposure to workplace bullying and work engagement: A moderated mediation analysis","volume":"29","author":"Einarsen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum. Resour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4701","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.713953","article-title":"Perceptions of Customer Incivility, Job Satisfaction, Supervisor Support, and Participative Climate: A Multi-Level Approach","volume":"12","author":"Pap","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-6570.1975.tb01386.x","article-title":"Organizational climates: An essay","volume":"28","author":"Schneider","year":"1975","journal-title":"Pers. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-6570.1983.tb00500.x","article-title":"On the etiology of climates","volume":"36","author":"Schneider","year":"1983","journal-title":"Pers. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2834.2009.01035.x","article-title":"Integrating individual, work group and organizational factors: Testing a multidimensional model of bullying in the nursing workplace","volume":"18","author":"Hutchinson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Nurs. Manag."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1037\/a0025396","article-title":"Leadership and role stressors as departmental level predictors of workplace bullying","volume":"18","author":"Hauge","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Stress Manag."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1111\/joop.12059","article-title":"A methodological review of research on the antecedents and consequences of workplace harassment","volume":"87","author":"Neall","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Occup. Organ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Le\u00f3n-P\u00e9rez, J.M., Ruiz-Zorrilla, P., Notelaers, G., Baillien, E., Escart\u00edn, J., and Antino, M. (2021). Concepts Approaches and Methods, Springer."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1108\/MRR-05-2016-0111","article-title":"A review of literature on mediators and moderators of workplace bullying: Agenda for future research","volume":"41","author":"Rai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Manag. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-2337(1994)20:3<173::AID-AB2480200304>3.0.CO;2-D","article-title":"Aggression among university employees","volume":"20","year":"1994","journal-title":"Aggress. Behav."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"188","article-title":"Work intensification and turnover intention in academia: The mediating role of work-life balance","volume":"8","author":"Ang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Asian Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2273.2009.00447.x","article-title":"Psychosocial hazards in UK universities: Adopting a risk assessment approach","volume":"64","author":"Kinman","year":"2010","journal-title":"High. Educ. Q."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1080\/02678373.2018.1457736","article-title":"Measuring bullying at work with the short-negative acts questionnaire: Identification of targets and criterion validity","volume":"33","author":"Notelaers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Work Stress"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1080\/02678370902815673","article-title":"Measuring exposure to bullying and harassment at work: Validity, factor structure and psychometric properties of the Negative Acts Questionnaire-Revised","volume":"23","author":"Einarsen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Work Stress"},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"11","article-title":"Construction and validation of the short inventory to monitor psychosocial hazards","volume":"44","author":"Notelaers","year":"2007","journal-title":"M\u00e9decine Du Trav. Et Ergon."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.3102\/10769986031004437","article-title":"Computational tools for probing interactions in multiple linear regression, multilevel modeling, and latent curve analysis","volume":"31","author":"Preacher","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Educ. Behav. Stat."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1093\/esr\/jcy053","article-title":"Why you should always include a random slope for the lower-level variable involved in a cross-level interaction","volume":"35","author":"Heisig","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Sociol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S.G., and Aiken, L.S. (2013). Applied Multiple Regression\/Correlation Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203774441"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1108\/02683940710733115","article-title":"The job demands-resources model: State of the art","volume":"22","author":"Bakker","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Manag. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-0597.2011.00444.x","article-title":"Testing the work environment hypothesis of bullying on a group level of analysis: Psychosocial factors as precursors of observed workplace bullying","volume":"60","author":"Skogstad","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1080\/13594329608414855","article-title":"The sources of bullying\u2013psychological work environment and organizational climate","volume":"5","author":"Vartia","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur. J. Work Organ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1080\/1359432X.2017.1380626","article-title":"Psychosocial safety climate (PSC) and enacted PSC for workplace bullying and psychological health problem reduction","volume":"26","author":"Dollard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Work Organ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1177\/1056492612451653","article-title":"Embracing new directions in workplace bullying research: A paradigmatic approach","volume":"22","author":"Samnani","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Manag. Inq."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2018.06.007","article-title":"What we know, what we do not know, and what we should and could have known about workplace bullying: An overview of the literature and agenda for future research","volume":"42","author":"Nielsen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aggress. Violent Behav."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-6570.2012.01246.x","article-title":"A trickle-down model of abusive supervision","volume":"65","author":"Mawritz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pers. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6494.2005.00361.x","article-title":"Coping in context: The role of stress, social support, and personality in coping","volume":"73","author":"DeLongis","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Personal."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/0730888411406555","article-title":"Unfair treatment in the workplace and worker well-being: The role of coworker support in a service work environment","volume":"39","author":"Sloan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Work Occup."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1080\/13594320143000762","article-title":"Accounts of workplace bullying: The role of the organization","volume":"10","author":"Liefooghe","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. J. Work Organ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"171","article-title":"Memetics and social contagion: Two sides of the same coin","volume":"2","author":"Marsden","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Memet.-Evol. Model. Inf. Transm."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1080\/02699939008408081","article-title":"The effect of power on susceptibility to emotional contagion","volume":"4","author":"Hsee","year":"1990","journal-title":"Cogn. Emot."},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"76","article-title":"An Epidemiological Approach to Workplace Bullying","volume":"12","author":"Godkin","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Leadersh. Account. Ethics"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1080\/13594320903223839","article-title":"Not all job demands are equal: Differentiating job hindrances and job challenges in the job demands\u2013resources model","volume":"19","author":"Vansteenkiste","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Work Organ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.92.2.438","article-title":"Differential challenge stressor-hindrance stressor relationships with job attitudes, turnover intentions, turnover, and withdrawal behavior: A meta-analysis","volume":"92","author":"Podsakoff","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-113011-143809","article-title":"Organizational climate and culture","volume":"64","author":"Schneider","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1080\/02678373.2021.1969479","article-title":"Workplace bullying as an organisational issue: Aligning climate and leadership","volume":"36","author":"Plimmer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Work Stress"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1037\/apl0000939","article-title":"Building psychosocial safety climate in turbulent times: The case of COVID-19","volume":"106","author":"Dollard","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_86","unstructured":"Gruenert, S., and Whitaker, T. (2015). School Culture Rewired: How to Define, Assess, and Transform It, ASCD."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1007\/s42380-021-00100-y","article-title":"Preventing and Neutralizing the Escalation of Workplace Bullying: The Role of Conflict Management Climate","volume":"4","author":"Hamre","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Bullying Prev."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1108\/IJWHM-08-2013-0030","article-title":"Workplace bullying and incivility: A systematic review of interventions","volume":"7","author":"Hodgins","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Workplace Health Manag."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1179\/oeh.2007.13.3.268","article-title":"A systematic review of the job-stress intervention evaluation literature, 1990\u20132005","volume":"13","author":"LaMontagne","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Occup. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.74.5.739","article-title":"Integrating work environment perceptions: Explorations into the measurement of meaning","volume":"74","author":"James","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1111\/sjop.12092","article-title":"The prospective relationship between role stressors and new cases of self-reported workplace bullying","volume":"55","author":"Reknes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Scand. J. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.2307\/258140","article-title":"Conceptualizing and measuring organizational and psychological climate: Pitfalls in multilevel research","volume":"10","author":"Glick","year":"1985","journal-title":"Acad. Manag. Rev."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1177\/1094428106296642","article-title":"Answers to 20 questions about interrater reliability and interrater agreement","volume":"11","author":"LeBreton","year":"2008","journal-title":"Organ. Res. Methods"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1080\/02678370412331314005","article-title":"The distinction between work pace and working hours in the measurement of quantitative demands at work","volume":"18","author":"Kristensen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Work Stress"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/20\/5\/4464\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:46:05Z","timestamp":1760121965000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/20\/5\/4464"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,2]]},"references-count":94,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph20054464"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph20054464","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,2]]}}}