{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T21:57:20Z","timestamp":1774735040237,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":122,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,4]],"date-time":"2023-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the present study, performed on a sample of Heroin Use Disorder (HUD) patients undergoing Opioid Agonist Treatment (OAT), we attempted to explore the relationships between stress sensitivity and heroin addiction-related clinical aspects. HUD patients\u2019 stress sensitivity was evaluated with the Heroin\/PTSD-Spectrum questionnaire (H\/PSTD-S). The Drug Addiction History Questionnaire (DAH-Q), the Symptomatological Check List-90 (SCL-90), and The Behavioural Covariate of Heroin Craving inventory (CRAV-HERO) were all used, as were the Deltito Subjective Wellness Scale (D-SWS), a self-report scale evaluating subjective well-being; the Cocaine Problem Severity Index (CPSI), a questionnaire determining the extent of a cocaine problem; and the Marijuana Craving Questionnaire (MC-Q), an instrument assessing craving for cannabinoids. We checked correlations between stress sensitivity and the extent of HUD clinical features and compared patients with and without problematic stress sensitivity. H\/PTSD-S was positively correlated with patients\u2019 income, altered mental status, legal problems, the lifetime different treatments index, the current treatment load index, and all SCL-90 indexes and factors. Regarding subjective well-being, stress sensitivity negatively correlated with the contrast best week (last five years) index. Patients with high-stress sensitivity were females with a low income. They exhibited a more severe mental status at treatment entry, greater difficulty in working adaptation, and legal problems during treatment. Additionally, these patients showed a higher level of psychopathology, more impairment in well-being, and more risky behaviours during treatment. Stress sensitivity, as H\/PTSD-S, must be considered an outcome of HUD. HUD\u2019s addiction history and clinical features are significant risk factors for H\/PTSD-S. Therefore, social and behavioural impairment in HUD patients could be considered the clinical expression of the H\/PTSD spectrum. In summary, the long-term outcome of HUD is not represented by drug-taking behaviours. Rather, the inability to cope with the contingent environmental conditions is the key feature of such a disorder. H\/PTSD-S, therefore, should be seen as a syndrome caused by an acquired inability (increased salience) concerning regular (daily) life events.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20054566","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]],"date-time":"2023-03-06T03:22:05Z","timestamp":1678072925000},"page":"4566","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Characteristics of Stress Sensitivity in Heroin Use Disorder Patients during Their Opioid Agonist Treatment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7935-3524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filippo","family":"Della Rocca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Addiction Research Methods Institute, World Federation for the Treatment of Opioid Dependence, 225 Varick Street, Suite 402, New York, NY 10014, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angelo G. I.","family":"Maremmani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Addiction Research Methods Institute, World Federation for the Treatment of Opioid Dependence, 225 Varick Street, Suite 402, New York, NY 10014, USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Addictions, Section of Psychiatry, North-Western Tuscany Local Health Unit, Tuscany NHS, Versilia Zone, Via Aurelia 335, 55041 Viareggio, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Bacciardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Addiction Research Methods Institute, World Federation for the Treatment of Opioid Dependence, 225 Varick Street, Suite 402, New York, NY 10014, USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Addictions, Section of Psychiatry, North-Western Tuscany Local Health Unit, Tuscany NHS, Versilia Zone, Via Aurelia 335, 55041 Viareggio, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8195-9963","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo","family":"Pacini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"V.P. Dole Research Group, G. De Lisio Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Via di Pratale 3, 56121 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Lamanna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Addictions, Section of Addictions, North-Western Tuscany Local Health Unit, Tuscany NHS, Pisa Zone, Via delle Torri 160, 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beniamino","family":"Tripodi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health and Addictions, Division of Psychiatry, ASST Crema, Via Largo Dossena 2, 26013 Crema, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8632-6145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Miccoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Addiction Research Methods Institute, World Federation for the Treatment of Opioid Dependence, 225 Varick Street, Suite 402, New York, NY 10014, USA"},{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 67, 56100 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Icro","family":"Maremmani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Addiction Research Methods Institute, World Federation for the Treatment of Opioid Dependence, 225 Varick Street, Suite 402, New York, NY 10014, USA"},{"name":"V.P. Dole Research Group, G. De Lisio Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Via di Pratale 3, 56121 Pisa, Italy"},{"name":"Saint Camillus International University of Health Sciences (UniCamillus), Via di Sant\u2019Alessandro 8, 00131 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.04.004","article-title":"Epigenetic mechanisms of drug addiction","volume":"76 Pt B","author":"Nestler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.02.009","article-title":"Neuroscience of behavioral and pharmacological treatments for addictions","volume":"69","author":"Potenza","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(16)00104-8","article-title":"Neurobiology of addiction: A neurocircuitry analysis","volume":"3","author":"Koob","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"NIDA (2022, October 16). 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