{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T13:16:47Z","timestamp":1790947007204,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,4]],"date-time":"2023-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico","award":["n.81\/2008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["n.81\/2008"]}]},{"name":"Italian Ministry of Health (Ricerca Corrente 2022)","award":["n.81\/2008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["n.81\/2008"]}]},{"name":"Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi","award":["n.81\/2008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["n.81\/2008"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Research has shown the substantial impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare workers\u2019 (HCWs) mental health, however, it mostly relies on data collected during the early stages of COVID-19. The aim of this study is to assess the long-term trajectory of HCWs\u2019 mental health and the associated risk factors. Methods: a longitudinal cohort study was carried out in an Italian hospital. At Time 1 (July 2020\u2013July 2021), 990 HCWs took part in the study and completed the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12), the Impact of Event Scale (IES-R), and the General Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7)questionnaire. McNemar\u2019s test measured changes in symptoms\u2019 trajectories, and random effects models evaluated risk factors associated with scores above the cut-off. Results: 310 HCWs participated to the follow-up evaluation (Time 2; July 2021\u2013July 2022). At Time 2, scores above cut-offs were significantly lower (p &lt; 0.001) than at Time 1 for all scales (23% vs. 48% for GHQ-12; 11% vs. 25% for IES-R; 15% vs. 23% for GAD-7). Risk factors for psychological impairment were being a nurse (IES-R: OR 4.72, 95% CI 1.71\u201313.0; GAD-7: OR 2.82, 95% CI 1.44\u20137.17), a health assistant (IES-R: OR 6.76, 95% CI 1.30\u201335.1), or having had an infected family member (GHQ-12: OR 1.95, 95% CI 1.01\u20133.83). Compared to Time 1, gender and experience in COVID-19 units lost significance with psychological symptoms. Conclusions: data over more than 24 months from the pandemic onset showed improvement of HCWs\u2019 mental health; our findings suggested the need to tailor and prioritize preventive actions towards healthcare workforce.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20054586","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]],"date-time":"2023-03-06T03:49:08Z","timestamp":1678074548000},"page":"4586","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Long-Term Trajectory and Risk Factors of Healthcare Workers\u2019 Mental Health during COVID-19 Pandemic: A 24 Month Longitudinal Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Alice","family":"Fattori","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Comotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Occupational Medicine Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Mazzaracca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Occupational Medicine Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8935-3843","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dario","family":"Consonni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Occupational Medicine Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Bordini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Occupational Medicine Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Colombo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4021-8456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Brambilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology and Trasplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Bonzini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Occupational Medicine Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"209","article-title":"Prevalence of anxiety, depression, burnout syndrome, and mental health disorders among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: A rapid umbrella review of systematic reviews","volume":"6","author":"Chirico","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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