{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T23:22:32Z","timestamp":1789773752935,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,5]],"date-time":"2023-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004166","name":"Medical University of Warsaw","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["The APC was funded by Medical University of Warsaw"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["The APC was funded by Medical University of Warsaw"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of the study was to evaluate factors that may contribute to the persistence of positive, negative and other psychopathological symptoms of schizophrenia. All patients were treated in general psychiatric wards between January 2006 and December 2017. The initial study sample comprised of the medical reports of 600 patients. The main, specified inclusion criterion for the study was schizophrenia as a discharge diagnosis. Medical reports of 262 patients were excluded from the study due to no neuroimaging scans being available. The symptoms were categorised into three groups: positive, negative, and other psychopathological symptoms. The statistical analysis comprised modalities such as demographic data, clinical symptoms, as well as neuroimaging scans linking them to a potential impact of sustaining the mentioned groups of symptoms during the period of hospitalization. The analysis revealed that statistically significant risk factors of persistence of the three groups of symptoms are the elderly age, the increasing toll of hospitalizations, suicidal attempts in medical history, a family history of alcohol abuse, the presence of positive, negative and other psychopathological symptoms on admission to the hospital, as well as the absence of cavum septi pellucidi (CSP). The study showed that addiction to psychotropic drugs and a family history of schizophrenia were more frequent in patients with persistent CSP.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20054592","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]],"date-time":"2023-03-06T03:49:08Z","timestamp":1678074548000},"page":"4592","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Factors Contributing to Risk of Persistence of Positive and Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia during Hospitalization"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Grzegorz","family":"Witkowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Descriptive and Clinical Anatomy, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piotr","family":"Januszko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, 00-665 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Skalski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, 00-665 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2453-5320","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Mach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, 00-665 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0052-4114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zbigniew Maciej","family":"Wawrzyniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electronics and Information Technology, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-665 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4359-3953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewa","family":"Poleszak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Preclinical Testing, Chair and Department of Applied and Social Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bogdan","family":"Ciszek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Descriptive and Clinical Anatomy, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Radziwo\u0144-Zaleska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, 00-665 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.63.746.1021","article-title":"The spectrum of schizophrenia","volume":"63","author":"Weller","year":"1987","journal-title":"Postgrad. 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