{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T17:21:56Z","timestamp":1780593716017,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,5]],"date-time":"2023-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["313011AUX5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["313011AUX5"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>At the beginning of 2020 there was a spinning point in the travel behavior of people around the world because of the pandemic and its consequences. This paper analyzes the specific behavior of travelers commuting to work or school during the COVID-19 pandemic based on a sample of 2000 respondents from two countries. We obtained data from an online survey, applying multinomial regression analysis. The results demonstrate the multinomial model with an accuracy of almost 70% that estimates the most used modes of transport (walking, public transport, car) based on independent variables. The respondents preferred the car as the most frequently used means of transport. However, commuters without car prefer public transport to walking. This prediction model could be a tool for planning and creating transport policy, especially in exceptional cases such as the limitation of public transport activities. Therefore, predicting travel behavior is essential for policymaking based on people\u2019s travel needs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20054600","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]],"date-time":"2023-03-06T03:49:08Z","timestamp":1678074548000},"page":"4600","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Estimating Mode of Transport in Daily Mobility during the COVID-19 Pandemic Using a Multinomial Logistic Regression Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4723-7075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaroslav","family":"Mazanec","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Quantitative Methods and Economic Informatics, Faculty of Operation and Economics of Transport and Communications, University of Zilina, 01026 Zilina, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0223-4244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Veronika","family":"Harantov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Road and Urban Transport, Faculty of Operation and Economics of Transport and Communications, University of Zilina, 01026 Zilina, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3240-722X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vladim\u00edra","family":"\u0160tefancov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Railway Transport, Faculty of Operation and Economics of Transport and Communications, University of Zilina, 01026 Zilina, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5242-8565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hana","family":"Br\u016fhov\u00e1 Folt\u00fdnov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Social and Economic Studies, Jan Evangelista Purky\u0148e University in \u00dast\u00ed nad Labem, 40096 \u00dast\u00ed nad Labem, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1257\/pandp.20211108","article-title":"Sectoral effects of social distancing","volume":"111","author":"Barrot","year":"2021","journal-title":"AEA Pap. Proc."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2020.00608","article-title":"Strong Social Distancing Measures in The United States Reduced The COVID-19 Growth Rate: Study evaluates the impact of social distancing measures on the growth rate of confirmed COVID-19 cases across the United States","volume":"39","author":"Courtemanche","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Aff."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"taaa02","article-title":"Isolation, quarantine, social distancing, and community containment: Pivotal role for old-style public health measures in the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak","volume":"27","author":"Freedman","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Travel Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104773","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2020.104773","article-title":"Initial impacts of global risk mitigation measures taken during the combatting of the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"128","author":"Lequarre","year":"2020","journal-title":"Saf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Transit Center (2022, July 11). How Transit Agencies Are Responding to the COVID-19 Public Health Threat. Transit Center. Available online: https:\/\/transitcenter.org\/how-transit-agencies-are-responding-to-the-covid-19-public-health-threat\/."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranpol.2021.08.016","article-title":"Evaluating the effects of the COVID-19 outbreak on the older adults\u2019 travel mode choices","volume":"112","author":"Shaer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transp. Policy"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"100523","article-title":"COVID-19, and suburban public transport in the conditions of the Czech Republic","volume":"13","author":"Fridrisek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Interdiscip. Perspect."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, X., Li, Z., Jiang, Y., Li, X., and Porter, D. (2020). Twitter reveals human mobility dynamics during the COVID-19 pandemic. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0241957"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102916","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2021.102916","article-title":"Human mobility behavior in COVID-19: A systematic literature review and bibliometric analysis","volume":"70","author":"Benita","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2021.103139","article-title":"Changes in local travel behaviour before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in Hong Kong","volume":"112","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"100167","article-title":"The impact of government measures and human mobility trend on COVID-19 related deaths in the UK","volume":"6","author":"Hadjidemetriou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Interdiscip. Perspect."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cie\u015bla, M., Ku\u015bnierz, S., Modrzik, O., Niedo\u015bpia\u0142, S., and Sosna, P. (2021). Scenarios for the Development of Polish Passenger Transport Services in Pandemic Conditions. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su131810278"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"100141","article-title":"Modal share changes due to COVID-19: The case of Budapest","volume":"8","author":"Bucsky","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Interdiscip. Perspect."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"104999","article-title":"The role of transport accessibility within the spread of the Coronavirus pandemic in Italy","volume":"33","author":"Martino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Saf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"98","article-title":"The impact of COVID-19 on changes in community mobility and variation in transport modes","volume":"56","author":"Wen","year":"2022","journal-title":"N. Z. Econ. Pap."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100853","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jth.2020.100853","article-title":"Editorial JTH 16\u2013The Coronavirus Disease COVID-19 and implications for transport and health","volume":"16","author":"Musselwhite","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Transp. Health"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"011001","article-title":"Natural human mobility patterns and spatial spread of infectious diseases","volume":"1","author":"Belik","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. X"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jth.2014.09.016","article-title":"Understanding travel patterns to support safe active transport for older adults","volume":"2","author":"Oxley","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Transp. Health"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-020-00507-w","article-title":"Mobility Patterns During COVID-19 Travel Restrictions in Nairobi Urban Informal Settlements: Who Is Leaving Home and Why","volume":"98","author":"Pinchoff","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Urban Health"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-011-9603-4","article-title":"The role of subway travel in an influenza epidemic: A New York City simulation","volume":"88","author":"Cooley","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Urban Health"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranpol.2021.05.005","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19: A radical modal shift from public to private transport mode","volume":"109","author":"Das","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transp. Policy"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"100242","article-title":"Impacts of COVID-19 on public transport ridership in Sweden: Analysis of ticket validations, sales, and passenger counts","volume":"8","author":"Jenelius","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Interdiscip. Perspect."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102636","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2020.102636","article-title":"Key determinants and heterogeneous frailties in passenger loyalty toward customized buses: Empirical investigation of subscription termination hazard of users","volume":"115","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part C Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranpol.2005.12.004","article-title":"The demand for public transport: The effects of fares, quality of service, income and car ownership","volume":"13","author":"Paulley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transp. Policy"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-2427.12740","article-title":"Contradictions of the climate-friendly city: New perspectives on eco-gentrification and housing justice","volume":"44","author":"Rice","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Urban Reg. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"100078","article-title":"Ranking factors affecting public transport mode choice of commuters in an urban city of a developing country using analytic hierarchy process: The case of Metro Cebu, Philippines","volume":"4","author":"Mayo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Interdiscip. Perspect."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1177\/0269094220968231","article-title":"Unequal futures of rural mobility: Challenges for a \u201cSmart Countryside\u201d","volume":"35","author":"Bosworth","year":"2020","journal-title":"Local Econ."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"75","article-title":"Post-pandemic cities-the impact of COVID-19 on cities and urban design","volume":"10","author":"Eltarabily","year":"2020","journal-title":"Archit. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"100121","article-title":"The effect of COVID-19 and subsequent social distancing on travel behavior","volume":"5","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Interdiscip. Perspect."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Troko, J., Myles, P., Gibson, J., Hashim, A., Enstone, J., Kingdon, S., and Van-Tam, J.N. (2011). Is public transport a risk factor for acute respiratory infection?. BMC Infect. Dis., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-11-16"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"100203","article-title":"Impact of physical distancing due to novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) on daily travel for work during transition to lockdown","volume":"7","author":"Pawar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Interdiscip. Perspect."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"100150","article-title":"How COVID-19 and the Dutch \u2018intelligent lockdown\u2019change activities, work and travel behaviour: Evidence from longitudinal data in the Netherlands","volume":"6","author":"Faber","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Interdiscip. Perspect."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranpol.2020.07.001","article-title":"Insights into the impact of COVID-19 on household travel and activities in Australia\u2013The early days under restrictions","volume":"96","author":"Beck","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transp. Policy"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuba\u013e\u00e1k, S., Kala\u0161ov\u00e1, A., and H\u00e1jnik, A. (2021). The bike-sharing system in Slovakia and the impact of COVID-19 on this shared mobility service in a selected city. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13126544"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2909","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-021-01956-2","article-title":"Use of walking modifications, perceived walking difficulty and changes in outdoor mobility among community-dwelling older people during COVID-19 restrictions","volume":"33","author":"Karavirta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aging Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paydar, M., and Kamani Fard, A. (2021). The hierarchy of walking needs and the COVID-19 pandemic. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18147461"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u0160tver\u00e1kov\u00e1, T., Ja\u010disko, J., Busch, A., \u0160af\u00e1\u0159ov\u00e1, M., Kol\u00e1\u0159, P., and Kobesov\u00e1, A. (2021). The impact of COVID-19 on Physical Activity of Czech children. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0254244"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"100353","article-title":"Bike share responses to COVID-19","volume":"10","author":"Jobe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Interdiscip. Perspect."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijtst.2021.06.005","article-title":"Factors affecting the mode choice behavior before and during COVID-19 pandemic in Pakistan","volume":"11","author":"Abdullah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Transp. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"100166","article-title":"The link between bike sharing and subway use during the COVID-19 pandemic: The case-study of New York\u2019s Citi Bike","volume":"6","author":"Teixeira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Interdiscip. Perspect."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"100609","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on the behavior change of cyclists in Lisbon, using multinomial logit regression analysis","volume":"14","author":"Costa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Interdiscip. Perspect."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranpol.2021.12.003","article-title":"COVID-19 as a window of opportunity for cycling: Evidence from the first wave","volume":"116","author":"Marra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transp. Policy"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-21358-2","article-title":"Reduction in mobility and COVID-19 transmission","volume":"12","author":"Nouvellet","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Aktay, A., Bavadekar, S., Cossoul, G., Davis, J., Desfontaines, D., Fabrikant, A., and Wilson, R.J. (2020). Google COVID-19 community mobility reports: Anonymization process description (version 1.1). arXiv."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1080\/10911359.2020.1845903","article-title":"Stay-at-home works to fight against COVID-19: International evidence from Google mobility data","volume":"31","author":"Yilmazkuday","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hum. Behav. Soc. Environ."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"(2022, July 12). COVID-19 Community Mobility Reports\u2014Google. Available online: https:\/\/www.google.com\/covid19\/mobility\/."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e18790","DOI":"10.2196\/18790","article-title":"Use of rapid online surveys to assess people\u2019s perceptions during infectious disease outbreaks: A cross-sectional survey on COVID-19","volume":"22","author":"Geldsetzer","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vital-L\u00f3pez, L., Garc\u00eda-Garc\u00eda, R., Rodr\u00edguez-Res\u00e9nd\u00edz, J., Paredes-Garc\u00eda, W. J., Zamora-Antu\u00f1ano, M. A., Oluyomi-Elufisan, T., and Cruz-P\u00e9rez, M. A. (2022). The impacts of COVID-19 on technological and polytechnic university teachers. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su14084593"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clark, S., Coughenour, C., Bumgarner, K., De la Fuente-Mella Reynolds, C., and Abelar, J. (2019). The impact of pedestrian crossing flags on driver yielding behavior in Las Vegas, NV. Sustainability, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/su11174741"},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Daines, R. (2023, January 22). LibGuides: Statistics Resources: Multinomial Logistic Regression. Available online: https:\/\/resources.nu.edu\/statsresources\/Multinomiallogistic."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"How to Perform a Multinomial Logistic Regression in SPSS Statistics (2022, May 24). Laerd Statistics. Available online: https:\/\/statistics.laerd.com\/spss-tutorials\/multinomial-logistic-regression-using-spss-statistics.php."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012053","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/332\/1\/012053","article-title":"Demand Analysis of Flood Insurance by Using Logistic Regression Model and Genetic Algorithm","volume":"332","author":"Sidi","year":"2018","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"45","article-title":"Credit Scoring for Cooperative of Financial Services Using Logistic Regression Estimated by Genetic Algorithm","volume":"8","author":"Sukono","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Math. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.5267\/j.dsl.2020.11.002","article-title":"Determinant Factors of Fishermen Income and Decision-Making for Providing Welfare Insurance: An Application of Multinomial Logistic Regression","volume":"10","author":"Sukono","year":"2021","journal-title":"Decis. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.18187\/pjsor.v8i2.234","article-title":"An Application on Multinomial Logistic Regression Model","volume":"8","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pak. J. Stat. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uma\u00f1a-Hermosilla, B., de la Fuente-Mella, H., El\u00f3rtegui-G\u00f3mez, C., and Fonseca-Fuentes, M. (2020). Multinomial logistic regression to estimate and predict the perceptions of individuals and companies in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic in the \u00f1uble region, Chile. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12229553"},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"e401","article-title":"Multinomial logistic regression to estimate and predict perceptions of bicycle and transportation infrastructure in a sprawling metropolitan area","volume":"38","author":"Coughenour","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mansilla Dom\u00ednguez, J.M., Font Jim\u00e9nez, I., Belzunegui Eraso, A., Pe\u00f1a Otero, D., D\u00edaz P\u00e9rez, D., and Recio Vivas, A.M. (2020). Risk perception of COVID-19 community transmission among the Spanish population. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17238967"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.23295","article-title":"Health and safety risk perceptions and needs of app-based drivers during COVID-19","volume":"64","author":"Beckman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Ind. Med."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12107","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/824\/1\/012107","article-title":"Understanding changes in perceptions and behaviour of train passengers during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"824","author":"Suryadari","year":"2021","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"186","article-title":"Choice behavior of commuters\u2019 rail transit mode during the COVID-19 pandemic based on logistic model","volume":"8","author":"Tan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Traffic Transp. Eng."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"100498","article-title":"Post COVID-19 teleworking and car use intentions. evidence from large scale GPS-tracking and survey data in The Netherlands","volume":"12","author":"Geurs","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Interdiscip. Perspect."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1111\/rsp3.12519","article-title":"What drives the changes in public transport use in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic? highlights from lyon metropolitan area","volume":"14","author":"Beziat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Reg. Sci. Policy Pract."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100078","DOI":"10.1016\/j.treng.2021.100078","article-title":"Public transport versus solo travel mode choices during the COVID-19 pandemic: Self-reported evidence from a developing country","volume":"5","author":"Abdullah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transp. Eng."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ceccato, R., Rossi, R., and Gastaldi, M. (2021). Travel demand prediction during COVID-19 pandemic: Educational and working trips at the university of Padova. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13126596"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kamelifar, M.J., Ranjbarnia, B., and Masoumi, H. (2022). The determinants of walking behavior before and during COVID-19 in middle-east and north Africa: Evidence from Tabriz, Iran. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su14073923"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zafri, N.M., Khan, A., Jamal, S., and Alam, B.M. (2021). Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on active travel mode choice in Bangladesh: A study from the perspective of sustainability and new normal situation. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13126975"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101089","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jth.2021.101089","article-title":"Individual, social, and environmental factors associated with active transportation commuting during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"22","author":"Cusack","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Transp. Health"},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"100548","article-title":"Risk perceptions of COVID-19 transmission in different travel modes","volume":"13","author":"Zafri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Interdiscip. Perspect."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1111\/rsp3.12525","article-title":"Evolution of urban mobility behaviour in Brussels as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"14","author":"Macharis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Reg. Sci. Policy Pract."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szaruga, E., and Zaloga, E. (2022). Sustainable development programming of airports by identification of non-efficient units. Energies, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/en15030932"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1177\/1070496513507260","article-title":"Globalization and sustainable development: A case study on international transport and sustainable development","volume":"23","author":"Koehler","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Environ. Dev."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Za\u0142oga, E., and Wojan, W. (2017, January 5\u20138). Political and Market Challenges in Relation to Services Using Intelligent Transport Systems. Proceedings of the Smart Solutions in Today\u2019s Transport: 17th International Conference on Transport Systems Telematics, Katowice, Poland.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-66251-0_22"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/20\/5\/4600\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:48:14Z","timestamp":1760122094000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/20\/5\/4600"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,5]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph20054600"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph20054600","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,5]]}}}