{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T15:44:04Z","timestamp":1783525444605,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,8]],"date-time":"2023-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678233600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"JSPS KAKENHI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22K11111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22K11111"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The use of electronic patient-reported outcomes has increased recently, and smartphones offer distinct advantages over other devices. However, previous systematic reviews have not investigated the reliability of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), and Kessler Screening Scale for Psychological Distress (K6) when used with smartphones, and this has not been fully explored. This study aimed to evaluate the equivalence of the paper and smartphone versions of the CES-D, GAD-7, and K6, which were compared following a randomized crossover design method in 100 adults in Gunma, Japan. Participants responded to the paper and smartphone versions at 1-week intervals. The equivalence of paper and smartphone versions was evaluated using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICCagreement). The mean participant age was 19.86 years (SD = 1.08, 23% male). The ICCagreements for the paper and smartphone versions of the CES-D, GAD-7, and K6 were 0.76 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.66\u20130.83), 0.68 (95% CI 0.59\u20130.77), and 0.83 (95% CI 0.75\u20130.88), respectively. Thus, the CES-D and K6 scales are appropriate for use in a smartphone version, which could be applied to clinical and research settings in which the paper or smartphone versions could be used as needed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20064773","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]],"date-time":"2023-03-09T02:01:47Z","timestamp":1678327307000},"page":"4773","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Differences in Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 and Kessler Screening Scale for Psychological Distress Scores between Smartphone Version versus Paper Version Administration: Evidence of Equivalence"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2467-7564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kazuki","family":"Hirao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Health Sciences, Gunma University, Maebashi 371-8514, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi 371-8514, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyono","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi 371-8514, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natsuki","family":"Kuroda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi 371-8514, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroyuki","family":"Uchida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation, Kurashiki Heisei Hospital, Kurashiki 710-0826, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0524-9070","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenji","family":"Tsuchiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nagano University of Health and Medicine, Nagano 381-2227, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3959-4734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Senichiro","family":"Kikuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Health Sciences, Gunma University, Maebashi 371-8514, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi 371-8514, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-011-0054-x","article-title":"Implementing patient-reported outcomes assessment in clinical practice: A review of the options and considerations","volume":"21","author":"Snyder","year":"2012","journal-title":"Qual. 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