{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T00:17:48Z","timestamp":1789690668489,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,8]],"date-time":"2023-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678233600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digitization","award":["PN23140201\/42N-2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PN23140201\/42N-2023"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digitization","award":["25PFE\/30.12.2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25PFE\/30.12.2021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The main goal of wastewater treatment is to significantly reduce organic compounds, micronutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) and heavy metals and other contaminants (pathogens, pharmaceuticals and industrial chemicals). In this work, the efficiency of removing different contaminants (COD, NO3\u2212, NO2\u2212, NH4+, PO43\u2212, SO42\u2212, Pb2+, Cd2+) from synthetic wastewater was tested using five different yeast strains: Kluyveromyces marxianus CMGBP16 (P1), Saccharomyces cerevisiae S228C (P2), Saccharomyces cerevisiae CM6B70 (P3), Saccharomyces cerevisiae CMGB234 (P4) and Pichia anomala CMGB88 (P5). The results showed a removal efficiency of up to 70% of COD, 97% of nitrate, 80% of nitrite, 93% of phosphate and 70% of sulfate ions for synthetic wastewater contaminated with Pb2+ (43 mg\/L) and Cd2+ ions (39 mg\/L). In contrast, the results showed an increase in ammonium ions, especially in the presence of Pb2+ ions. The yeast strains showed a high capacity to reduce Pb2+ (up to 96%) and Cd2+ (up to 40%) ions compared to the initial concentrations. In presence of a crude biosurfactant, the removal efficiency increased up to 99% for Pb2+ and 56% for Cd2+ simultaneously with an increase in yeast biomass of up to 11 times. The results, which were obtained in the absence of aeration and in neutral pH conditions, proved a high potential for practical applications in the biotreatment of the wastewater and the recovery of Pb and Cd ions, with a high benefit\u2013cost ratio.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20064795","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]],"date-time":"2023-03-09T02:01:47Z","timestamp":1678327307000},"page":"4795","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Bioremediation of Wastewater Using Yeast Strains: An Assessment of Contaminant Removal Efficiency"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1810-4751","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicoleta-Oana","family":"Nicula","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National R&D Institute for Electrical Engineering ICPE-CA, Splaiul Unirii 313, 030138 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 91-95, 050095 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2485-716X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduard-Marius","family":"Lungulescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National R&D Institute for Electrical Engineering ICPE-CA, Splaiul Unirii 313, 030138 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1345-9585","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gimi A.","family":"R\u00eembu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National R&D Institute for Electrical Engineering ICPE-CA, Splaiul Unirii 313, 030138 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Virgil","family":"Marinescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National R&D Institute for Electrical Engineering ICPE-CA, Splaiul Unirii 313, 030138 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5334-0111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Viorica Maria","family":"Corbu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 1-3 Aleea Portocalelor, 060101 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ortansa","family":"Csutak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 1-3 Aleea Portocalelor, 060101 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.142168","article-title":"Integrating micro-algae into wastewater treatment: A review","volume":"752","author":"Mohsenpour","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. 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