{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T09:56:52Z","timestamp":1770976612808,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,12]],"date-time":"2023-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678579200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Kyungsung University Research Grants","award":["2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of 3D postural correction (3DPC) using corrective cushions (CCs) and abdominal muscle contraction (AMC) on the thickness symmetry of the transversus abdominis (TrA) and spinal alignment in patients with idiopathic scoliosis (IS). In the first experiment, ultrasound measurements were taken of the TrA thickness on both the convex and concave sides of the lumbar curve in the supine position during AMC and non-AMC without 3DPC, and during AMC and non-AMC with 3DPC using CCs, in 11 IS patients. In the second experiment, 37 IS patients participated in a four-week 3DPC exercise program that aimed to maintain TrA thickness symmetry based on the results of the first experiment. The study found that TrA thickness symmetry significantly increased after 3DPC using CCs and combined with AMC (p &lt; 0.05). Additionally, the Cobb angles and trunk rotation angles showed significant decreases, and trunk expansion showed a significant increase (p &lt; 0.05). These results indicate that the simultaneous application of 3DPC and AMC is the most effective way to achieve TrA thickness symmetry in IS patients. Therefore, 3DPC and AMC should be considered as crucial elements in exercise interventions for IS patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20065016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,13]],"date-time":"2023-03-13T04:35:41Z","timestamp":1678682141000},"page":"5016","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Effects of 3D Postural Correction and Abdominal Muscle Contraction on the Symmetry of the Transverse Abdominis and Spinal Alignment in Patients with Idiopathic Scoliosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7934-0221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sung-Young","family":"Yoon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Busan Health University, Busan 49318, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Graduated School of Kyungsung University, Busan 48434, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sang-Yeol","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Kyungsung University, Busan 48434, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-7161-5-27","article-title":"\u201cRehabilitation schools for scoliosis\u201d thematic series: Describing the methods and results","volume":"5","author":"Rigo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Scoliosis"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60658-3","article-title":"Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"371","author":"Weinstein","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s13013-017-0145-8","article-title":"2016 SOSORT guidelines: Orthopaedic and rehabilitation treatment of idiopathic scoliosis during growth","volume":"13","author":"Negrini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Scoliosis Spinal Disord."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Stokes, I. (2000). Etiology of Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: Current Trends and Relevance to New Treatment Approaches, Hanley & Belfus."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1080\/13638490310001642757","article-title":"Aetiology of idiopathic scoliosis: Current concepts","volume":"6","author":"Burwell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatr. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1097\/01241398-198905000-00001","article-title":"Stress and coping with scoliosis: Psychological effects on adolescents and their families","volume":"9","author":"MacLean","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E87","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200202150-00013","article-title":"Quality of Life in Women with Idiopathic Scoliosis","volume":"27","author":"Freidel","year":"2002","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1080\/13638490310001644593","article-title":"Developmental psychological aspects of scoliosis treatment","volume":"6","author":"Reichel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatr. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-7161-7-3","article-title":"2011 SOSORT guidelines: Orthopaedic and Rehabilitation treatment of idiopathic scoliosis during growth","volume":"7","author":"Negrini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Scoliosis"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S44","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0000000000001350","article-title":"The Natural History of Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis","volume":"39","author":"Weinstein","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-7161-1-9","article-title":"Association between adolescent idiopathic scoliosis prevalence and age at menarche in different geographic latitudes","volume":"1","author":"Grivas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Scoliosis"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-7161-2-11","article-title":"The effect of growth on the correlation between the spinal and rib cage deformity: Implications on idiopathic scoliosis pathogenesis","volume":"2","author":"Grivas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Scoliosis"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp1209063","article-title":"Idiopathic scoliosis in adolescents","volume":"368","author":"Hresko","year":"2013","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2012.11.015","article-title":"A neuromuscular strategy to prevent spinal torsion: Backward perturbation alters asymmetry of transversus abdominis muscle thickness into symmetry","volume":"38","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.5606\/tftrd.2017.333","article-title":"Side differences of the lateral abdominal wall in supine rest position in mild adolescent idiopathic thoracolumbar scoliosis","volume":"63","author":"Linek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Turk. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.27.465","article-title":"Ultrasound evaluation of the symmetry of abdominal muscles in mild adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"27","author":"Linek","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Phys. Ther. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.10375","article-title":"Measurement of muscle contraction with ultrasound imaging","volume":"27","author":"Hodges","year":"2003","journal-title":"Muscle & Nerve Off. J. Am. Assoc. Electrodiagn. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1097\/BSD.0000000000000055","article-title":"Ultrasound Assessment of the Abdominal Muscles at Rest and During the ASLR Test Among Adolescents with Scoliosis","volume":"30","author":"Linek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Spine Surg. A Spine Publ."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.3233\/BMR-169667","article-title":"A comparison of ultrasonography measurement on the abdominal muscle thickness between adolescent idiopathic scoliosis and healthy subjects","volume":"31","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Back Musculoskelet. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/1754-9493-2-25","article-title":"Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis\u2014To operate or not? A debate article","volume":"2","author":"Weiss","year":"2008","journal-title":"Patient Saf. Surg."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"177","article-title":"The treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) according to present evidence. A systematic review","volume":"44","author":"Weiss","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Phys. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"111","article-title":"Physiotherapeutic scoliosis-specific exercises for adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"50","author":"Parent","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Phys. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1314229","article-title":"Correspondence: Effects of bracing in adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"370","author":"Dolan","year":"2014","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-014-3241-y","article-title":"Active self-correction and task-oriented exercises reduce spinal deformity and improve quality of life in subjects with mild adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Results of a randomised controlled trial","volume":"23","author":"Monticone","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1177\/0309364618820144","article-title":"Core stabilization exercises versus scoliosis-specific exercises in moderate idiopathic scoliosis treatment","volume":"43","author":"Yagci","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prosthetics Orthot. Int."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1080\/09638280801889485","article-title":"Approach to scoliosis changed due to causes other than evidence: Patients call for conservative (rehabilitation) experts to join in team orthopedic surgeons","volume":"30","author":"Negrini","year":"2008","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1080\/09638280801889568","article-title":"Exercises reduce the progression rate of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: Results of a comprehensive systematic review of the literature","volume":"30","author":"Negrini","year":"2008","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.2174\/1573396312666151117120313","article-title":"Postural Re-Education of Scoliosis\u2014State of the Art (Mini-review)","volume":"12","author":"Borysov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Pediatr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s13013-016-0076-9","article-title":"Physiotherapy scoliosis-specific exercises\u2014A comprehensive review of seven major schools","volume":"11","author":"Berdishevsky","year":"2016","journal-title":"Scoliosis"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.3109\/09593985.2010.533342","article-title":"Physical exercises in the treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: An updated systematic review","volume":"27","author":"Fusco","year":"2011","journal-title":"Physiother. Theory Pract."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"O\u2019Brien, M., Kuklo, T., Blanke, K., Lenke, L., and Group, S.D.S. (2004). Radiographic Measurement Manual, Medtronic Sofamor Danek Inc."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-7161-1-6","article-title":"Physical exercises in the treatment of idiopathic scoliosis at risk of brace treatment\u2014SOSORT consensus paper 2005","volume":"1","author":"Weiss","year":"2006","journal-title":"Scoliosis"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-7161-5-1","article-title":"A specific scoliosis classification correlating with brace treatment: Description and reliability","volume":"5","author":"Rigo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Scoliosis"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13013-017-0114-2","article-title":"Brace technology thematic series: The 3D Rigo Ch\u00eaneau-type brace. Scoliosis and spinal disorders","volume":"12","author":"Rigo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scoliosis Spinal Disord."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sauvagnac, R., and Rigo, M. (2022). Evolution of Early Onset Scoliosis under Treatment with a 3D-Brace Concept. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11051186"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146","article-title":"G* Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences","volume":"39","author":"Faul","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Richardson, C.A., Hodges, P., and Hides, J.A. (2004). Therapeutic Exercise for Lumbopelvic Stabilization: A Motor Control Approach for the Treatment and Prevention of Low Back Pain, Churchill Livingstone."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Chattanooga, G. (2005). Stabilizer Pressure Bio-Feedback, Chattanooga Group Inc.. Operating instructions."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.3233\/BMR-2011-0300","article-title":"Novel augmented ADIM training using ultrasound imaging and electromyography in adults with core instability","volume":"24","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Back Musculoskelet. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.3233\/BMR-150633","article-title":"Abdominal hollowing and bracing strategies increase joint stability in the trunk region during sudden support surface translation but not in the lower extremities","volume":"29","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Back Musculoskelet. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"208","article-title":"Scoliosis intensive out-patient rehabilitation based on Schroth method","volume":"135","author":"Rigo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Stud. Health Technol. Inform."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-008-0589-x","article-title":"Muscle thickness changes during abdominal hollowing: An assessment of between-day measurement error in controls and patients with chronic low back pain","volume":"17","author":"Mannion","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2014.07.007","article-title":"Intra-rater Reliability of B-Mode Ultrasound Imaging of the Abdominal Muscles in Healthy Adolescents During the Active Straight Leg Raise Test","volume":"7","author":"Linek","year":"2015","journal-title":"PM&R"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.7863\/ultra.33.6.1049","article-title":"Reliability of B-Mode Sonography of the Abdominal Muscles in Healthy Adolescents in Different Body Positions","volume":"33","author":"Linek","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Ultrasound Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.25.845","article-title":"Reliability of Ultrasound Imaging of the Transversus Deep Abdominial, Internal Oblique and External Oblique Muscles of Patients with Low Back Pain Performing the Drawing in Maneuver","volume":"25","author":"Park","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Phys. Ther. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.23.357","article-title":"Reliability of the Deep Abdominal Muscle Thickness Measurements Using Ultrasonography in Normal Subjects","volume":"23","author":"Otani","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Phys. Ther. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"261","article-title":"Outline for the study of scoliosis","volume":"5","author":"Cobb","year":"1948","journal-title":"Instr. Course Lect. AAOS"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1259\/0007-1285-53-626-146","article-title":"Assessment of scoliosis in children: Low dose radiographic technique","volume":"53","author":"Ardran","year":"1980","journal-title":"Br. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.66B4.6746683","article-title":"Idiopathic scoliosis in three dimensions. A radiographic and morphometric analysis","volume":"66","author":"Deacon","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Bone Joint Surg."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-009-0913-0","article-title":"A review of methods for quantitative evaluation of spinal curvature","volume":"18","author":"Vrtovec","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2010.02.020","article-title":"Reliability assessment of Cobb angle measurements using manual and digital methods","volume":"10","author":"Tanure","year":"2010","journal-title":"Spine J."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1590\/S1413-35552010005000025","article-title":"Inter and intra-rater reliability of the scoliometer","volume":"14","author":"Bonagamba","year":"2010","journal-title":"Braz. J. Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198466090-00010","article-title":"An objective criterion for scoliosis screening","volume":"66","author":"Bunnell","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Bone Joint Surg."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Kim, J. (2010). Comparison of Effects of Ball Sling Exercise and Schroth Treatments in Adolescents with Idiopathic Scoliosis. [Master\u2019s thesis, The Graduate School of Sports Science, Dankook University]."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"145","article-title":"The effects of thoracic flexibility exercise on vital capacity and chest expansion in patients with idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"9","author":"Shim","year":"2002","journal-title":"Phys. Ther. Korea"},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Lehnert-Schroth, C. (2014). Dreidimensionale Skoliosebehandlung: Atmungs-Orthop\u00e4die System Schroth, Elsevier Health Sciences."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2009.061515","article-title":"Changes in recruitment of transversus abdominis correlate with disability in people with chronic low back pain","volume":"44","author":"Ferreira","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198706000-00014","article-title":"The Abdominal Muscles and Vertebral Stability","volume":"12","author":"Tesh","year":"1987","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2959","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199712150-00020","article-title":"Evaluation of Specific Stabilizing Exercise in the Treatment of Chronic Low Back Pain with Radiologic Diagnosis of Spondylolysis or Spondylolisthesis","volume":"22","author":"Phyty","year":"1997","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199904010-00022","article-title":"The importance of an intact abdominal musculature mechanism in maintaining spinal sagittal balance: Case illustration in prune-belly syndrome","volume":"24","author":"Lam","year":"1999","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1054\/math.1999.0169","article-title":"Is there a role for transversus abdominis in lumbo-pelvic stability?","volume":"4","author":"Hodges","year":"1999","journal-title":"Man. Ther."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1053\/j.apmr.2003.12.005","article-title":"Core strengthening","volume":"85","author":"Akuthota","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00244028","article-title":"Comparison of muscle cross-sectional area and strength between untrained women and men","volume":"68","author":"Kanehisa","year":"1994","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1007\/s002470050607","article-title":"MRI evaluation of multifidus muscles in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"29","author":"Chan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatr. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-7161-1-16","article-title":"Biomechanical spinal growth modulation and progressive adolescent scoliosis\u2014A test of the \u2018vicious cycle\u2019 pathogenetic hypothesis: Summary of an electronic focus group debate of the IBSE","volume":"1","author":"Stokes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Scoliosis"},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"70381","article-title":"The Principles and Biomechanics of the Rigo Ch\u00eaneau Type Brace","volume":"169","author":"Wood","year":"2017","journal-title":"Innov. Spinal Deform. Postural Disord."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E494","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000002412","article-title":"Whether Orthotic Management and Exercise are Equally Effective to the Patients with Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis in Mainland China?","volume":"43","author":"Zheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1512","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1307337","article-title":"Effects of Bracing in Adolescents with Idiopathic Scoliosis","volume":"369","author":"Weinstein","year":"2013","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E175","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000202740.86338.df","article-title":"An MRI Investigation Into the Function of the Transversus Abdominis Muscle During \u201cDrawing-In\u201d of the Abdominal Wall","volume":"31","author":"Hides","year":"2006","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2007.2532","article-title":"Characterization of Lateral Abdominal Muscle Thickness in Persons with Lower Extremity Amputations","volume":"37","author":"Springer","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2171","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181a8fdc8","article-title":"Does treatment (nonoperative and operative) improve the two-year quality of life in patients with adult symptomatic lumbar scoliosis: A prospective multicenter evidence-based medicine study","volume":"34","author":"Bridwell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Sbihli, A., Tudini, F., and Chui, K. (2021). Research into Spinal Deformities 9, IOS Press."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/20\/6\/5016\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:53:17Z","timestamp":1760122397000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/20\/6\/5016"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,12]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph20065016"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph20065016","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,12]]}}}