{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:46:07Z","timestamp":1787028367227,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,14]],"date-time":"2023-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678752000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Public Health of Cuba","award":["CITMA, PN 151102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CITMA, PN 151102"]}]},{"name":"UNICEF","award":["CITMA, PN 151102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CITMA, PN 151102"]}]},{"name":"FAO in Cuba and Mesoamerica","award":["CITMA, PN 151102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CITMA, PN 151102"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aims to evaluate the prevalence of anemia and iron deficiency in women of reproductive age and the association with inflammation, global overweight, adiposity, and menorrhagia. A sample design of women of reproductive age from the Eastern, Central, and Havana Regions was carried out. Biochemical determinations of hemoglobin, serum ferritin, soluble transferrin receptors, leukocytes, C-reactive protein, alpha-1 acid glycoprotein, and homocysteine were performed. Serum ferritin was also adjusted by inflammation. Nutritional status was assessed, and menstrual characteristics were collected by survey. A total of 742 women were studied. The prevalence of anemia was 21.4%, iron storage deficiency at 16.0%, and erythropoietic dysfunction at 5.4%, with inflammation at 47.0% and elevated homocysteine at 18.6%. Global overweight was 46.2% and increased adiposity at 58.4%. Anemia is associated with iron deposition deficiency (OR = 3.023 (1.816\u20135.033)) and with erythropoietic deficiency (OR = 5.62 (3.03\u201310.39)), but not with inflammation, global overweight, and adiposity. Global overweight was found to be associated with inflammation (OR = 2.23 (1.41\u20133.53)). Anemia was associated with heavy menstrual bleeding (OR = 1.92 (1.34\u20132.76)). Homocysteine was associated with inflammation (OR = 2.05 (1.08\u20133.90)), but not with anemia. In conclusion, anemia in Cuba is classified as a moderate public health problem, but not iron deficiency. A high prevalence of overweight and obesity was found, associated with inflammation, but not with anemia or iron deficiency. Heavy menstrual bleeding is a factor associated with anemia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20065110","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,15]],"date-time":"2023-03-15T05:22:59Z","timestamp":1678857779000},"page":"5110","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Prevalence of Anemia and Iron Deficiency in Women of Reproductive Age in Cuba and Associated Factors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Gisela Mar\u00eda","family":"Pita-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Microbiology (INHEM), Havana 10300, Cuba"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beatriz","family":"Basabe-Tuero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Microbiology (INHEM), Havana 10300, Cuba"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Elena","family":"D\u00edaz-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Microbiology (INHEM), Havana 10300, Cuba"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Alfonso-Sagu\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Microbiology (INHEM), Havana 10300, Cuba"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Mar\u00eda","family":"G\u00f3mez \u00c1lvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology Science, Latin American School of Medicine, Havana 11600, Cuba"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minerva","family":"Montero-D\u00edaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cybernetics, Mathematics and Physics (ICIMAF), Havana 10400, Cuba"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonia","family":"Vald\u00e9s-Perdomo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Microbiology (INHEM), Havana 10300, Cuba"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2719-9246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Ch\u00e1vez-Chong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cybernetics, Mathematics and Physics (ICIMAF), Havana 10400, Cuba"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ernesto","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cybernetics, Mathematics and Physics (ICIMAF), Havana 10400, Cuba"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoandry","family":"D\u00edaz-Fuentes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Microbiology (INHEM), Havana 10300, Cuba"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Llera-Abreu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Microbiology (INHEM), Havana 10300, Cuba"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahindris","family":"Calzadilla-C\u00e1mbara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Microbiology (INHEM), Havana 10300, Cuba"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Israel","family":"R\u00edos-Castillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), Sub Regional Office in Mesoamerica, Panama City 0843-00006, Panama"},{"name":"Nutrition and Dietetic School, University of Panama, Panama City 3366, Panama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980008002401","article-title":"Worldwide Prevalence of Anaemia, WHO Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition Information System, 1993\u20132005","volume":"12","author":"McLean","year":"2009","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(13)70001-9","article-title":"Global, Regional, and National Trends in Haemoglobin Concentration and Prevalence of Total and Severe Anaemia in Children and Pregnant and Non-Pregnant Women for 1995\u20132011: A Systematic Analysis of Population-Representative Data","volume":"1","author":"Stevens","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. 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