{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:59:12Z","timestamp":1760147952894,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,14]],"date-time":"2023-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678752000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigated nicotine dependence among Japanese university students who had reached the smoking age (20 years or older) by the time of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and examined factors that encourage early smoking cessation. Social dependence on nicotine was evaluated using the Kano Total Social Nicotine Dependence Level (KTSND), and physiological dependence was evaluated using the Fagerstr\u00f6m Nicotine Dependence Index (FTND). Of the 356 college students who smoked (4.4% of the total), 182 (51.1%) stated that they were not interested in quitting. Furthermore, 124 (68.1%) of those with no interest in quitting smoking were aware that smoking is a high-risk factor for COVID-19, and 58 (31.9%) were unaware. The group not aware of this risk had significantly higher KTSND scores than the group aware of it. The examination of cigarette type that indicated the users of non-conventional cigarette products and dual-user groups scored significantly higher than the cigarette group on FTND items. Overall, the smokers scored above the normal range for social nicotine dependence, suggesting the need to reduce nicotine dependence to encourage college students who continue to smoke to quit smoking.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20065135","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,15]],"date-time":"2023-03-15T05:22:59Z","timestamp":1678857779000},"page":"5135","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Nicotine Dependence among College Students Uninterested in Smoking Cessation during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Survey"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Makoto","family":"Aoike","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai 487-8501, Aichi, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yukihiro","family":"Mori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai 487-8501, Aichi, Japan"},{"name":"Center for Nursing Practicum Support, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai 487-8501, Aichi, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuka","family":"Aoyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai 487-8501, Aichi, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Engineering, College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai 487-8501, Aichi, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mamoru","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai 487-8501, Aichi, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hana","family":"Kozai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai 487-8501, Aichi, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yukihiro","family":"Shigeno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Fire Department Headquarters in Kasugai-City, Kasugai 486-0856, Aichi, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hatsumi","family":"Kawamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai 487-8501, Aichi, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masato","family":"Tsurudome","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai 487-8501, Aichi, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai 487-8501, Aichi, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8706-0705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Morihiro","family":"Ito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai 487-8501, Aichi, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai 487-8501, Aichi, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"j5855","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j5855","article-title":"Low cigarette consumption and risk of coronary heart disease and stroke: Meta-analysis of 141 cohort studies in 55 study reports","volume":"360","author":"Hackshaw","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canep.2017.10.013","article-title":"Smoking cessation and subsequent risk of cancer: A pooled analysis of eight population-based cohort studies in Japan","volume":"51","author":"Saito","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004524","article-title":"Smoking cessation and outcome after ischemic stroke or TIA","volume":"89","author":"Epstein","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001316","article-title":"Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia","volume":"382","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. 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