{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:59:20Z","timestamp":1760147960233,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,15]],"date-time":"2023-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678838400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Innovative Medicines Initiative 2 Joint Undertaking","award":["115902"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["115902"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The present study analyzes the effects of each containment phase of the first COVID-19 wave on depression levels in a cohort of 121 adults with a history of major depressive disorder (MDD) from Catalonia recruited from 1 November 2019, to 16 October 2020. This analysis is part of the Remote Assessment of Disease and Relapse-MDD (RADAR-MDD) study. Depression was evaluated with the Patient Health Questionnaire-8 (PHQ-8), and anxiety was evaluated with the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7). Depression\u2019s levels were explored across the phases (pre-lockdown, lockdown, and four post-lockdown phases) according to the restrictions of Spanish\/Catalan governments. Then, a mixed model was fitted to estimate how depression varied over the phases. A significant rise in depression severity was found during the lockdown and phase 0 (early post-lockdown), compared with the pre-lockdown. Those with low pre-lockdown depression experienced an increase in depression severity during the \u201cnew normality\u201d, while those with high pre-lockdown depression decreased compared with the pre-lockdown. These findings suggest that COVID-19 restrictions affected the depression level depending on their pre-lockdown depression severity. Individuals with low levels of depression are more reactive to external stimuli than those with more severe depression, so the lockdown may have worse detrimental effects on them.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20065161","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,15]],"date-time":"2023-03-15T05:53:44Z","timestamp":1678859624000},"page":"5161","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Impact of COVID-19 Lockdown on Adults with Major Depressive Disorder from Catalonia: A Decentralized Longitudinal Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-6213-8378","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raffaele","family":"Lavalle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Torino, 10124 Turin, 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de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6725-2638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iago","family":"Gin\u00e9-V\u00e1zquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de D\u00e9u, Fundaci\u00f3 Sant Joan de D\u00e9u, CIBERSAM, Departament de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, 08830 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red en Salud Mental, CIBERSAM-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1272-0550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raquel","family":"Bailon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arag\u00f3n Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria de Arag\u00f3n (IIS Arag\u00f3n), University of Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"Centros de 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