{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:01:21Z","timestamp":1760148081762,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]],"date-time":"2023-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679961600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Secretariat of Drug Policies (SENAD)","award":["Project 005\/2009 process number 00187.006588\/2009-11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Project 005\/2009 process number 00187.006588\/2009-11"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this manuscript is to understand the impact of childhood sexual abuse on the development of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) exposure. and parental neglect in crack cocaine users, considering the role of gender. This study is a secondary database analysis of a sample from a multicenter cross-sectional study with 715 crack cocaine users receiving outpatient treatment in public mental health networks in six Brazilian capitals. Prevalence ratios were estimated by Poisson regression. In crack cocaine users with childhood sexual abuse, traumatic experiences seem to remain fixed through the development of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in adulthood. Crack cocaine users with childhood abuse and PTSD in adulthood showed more sexual risk behaviors, including outcomes such as HIV (PR = 3.6 p &lt; 0.001 for childhood abuse and PR = 3.7 p &lt; 0.001 for PTSD). Furthermore, this traumatic trajectory affects the functional ability of crack cocaine users, especially women, to work thus impacting their inclusion and sense of social belonging. Such a chain seems to be reflected in the establishment of a circle of transgenerational transmission, to the extent that subjects with a history of abuse and PTSD reported more parental neglect towards their children. This study reinforces the importance of preventive public policies regarding early socio-emotional vulnerabilities and the need to support families, especially women, to avoid HIV and self-destructive outcomes such as crack cocaine use.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20075285","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]],"date-time":"2023-03-28T02:11:40Z","timestamp":1679969500000},"page":"5285","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Transgenerational Cycle of Traumatization and HIV Risk Exposure among Crack Users"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Joana Corr\u00eaa de Magalh\u00e3es","family":"Narvaez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Universidade Federal de Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Porto Alegre 90050-170, Brazil"},{"name":"Center for Drug and Alcohol Research, Hospital de Cl\u00ednicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-903, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6962-233X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vin\u00edcius Serafini","family":"Roglio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Drug and Alcohol Research, Hospital de Cl\u00ednicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-903, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brittany","family":"Di Tommaso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Drug and Alcohol Research, Hospital de Cl\u00ednicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-903, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Flavio","family":"Pechansky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Drug and Alcohol Research, Hospital de Cl\u00ednicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-903, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Zimerman, D.E. 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