{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T15:04:22Z","timestamp":1787843062422,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,13]],"date-time":"2023-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Migraines, a chronic disease, can be debilitating in university students, affecting their academic performance, attendance, and social interactions. The purpose of this study was to identify the impact of COVID-19 on the role functioning and perceived stress levels of students suffering from migraine-like headaches. Methods: Two identical cross-sectional surveys were sent to students in Fall 2019 and Spring 2021 at a mid-sized university in the U.S. The students were queried on the headache impact scale (HIT-6) and perceived stress scale (PSS-10). Associations between the migraine-like headaches, severity of the headaches, stress levels, and headache impacts on the individuals\u2019 role functioning were analyzed. Results: The average age of the respondents (n = 721) was 20.81 \u00b1 4.32 years in 2019 and (n = 520) 20.95 \u00b1 3.19 years in 2021. A difference (p = 0.044) was found in the HIT-6 score &lt;49 category. The other categories of the HIT-6 and the PSS-10 were not significant. Conclusions: During COVID-19, more students answered that their migraine-like headaches had lower impacts on their role functioning, thus suggesting that the students were having less severe migraines. A trend was seen for student\u2019s stress levels, indicating a decrease from 2019 to 2021. Furthermore, our results showed that the impact of headaches and stress levels slightly declined throughout the pandemic.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20085499","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,14]],"date-time":"2023-04-14T02:03:38Z","timestamp":1681437818000},"page":"5499","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Perceived Stress and Impact on Role Functioning in University Students with Migraine-Like Headaches during COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9333-9745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nauris","family":"Tamulevicius","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences and Human Performance, The University of Tampa, Tampa, FL 33606, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5841-7173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ritika","family":"Save","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences and Human Performance, The University of Tampa, Tampa, FL 33606, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nishita","family":"Gandhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences and Human Performance, The University of Tampa, Tampa, FL 33606, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5306-5348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sean","family":"Lubiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences and Human Performance, The University of Tampa, Tampa, FL 33606, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siddhi","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences and Human Performance, The University of Tampa, Tampa, FL 33606, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia X.","family":"Aguado Loi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences and Human Performance, The University of Tampa, Tampa, FL 33606, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khyam","family":"Paneru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, The University of Tampa, Tampa, FL 33606, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary P.","family":"Martinasek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences and Human Performance, The University of Tampa, Tampa, FL 33606, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Pescador Ruschel, M.A., and De Jesus, O. 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