{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T22:49:12Z","timestamp":1789253352179,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,13]],"date-time":"2023-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Purpose: To assess the prevalence of symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in survivors of COVID-19 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome that needed ICU care; to investigate risk factors and their impact on the Health-Related Quality of life (HR-QoL). Materials and Methods: This multicenter, prospective, observational study included all patients who were discharged from the ICU. Patients were administered the European Quality of Life 5 Dimensions 5 Level Version (EQ-5D-5L) questionnaire, the Short-Form Health Survey 36Version 2 (SF-36v2), a socioeconomic question set and the Impact of Event Scale\u2014Revised (IES-R) to assess PTSD. Results: The multivariate logistic regression model found that an International Standard Classification of Education Score (ISCED) higher than 2 (OR 3.42 (95% CI 1.28\u20139.85)), monthly income less than EUR 1500 (OR 0.36 (95% CI 0.13\u20130.97)), and more than two comorbidities (OR 4.62 (95% CI 1.33\u201316.88)) are risk factors for developing PTSD symptoms. Patients with PTSD symptoms are more likely to present a worsening in their quality of life as assessed by EQ-5D-5L and SF-36 scales. Conclusion: The main factors associated with the development of PTSD-related symptoms were a higher education level, a lower monthly income, and more than two comorbidities. Patients who developed symptoms of PTSD reported a significantly lower Health-Related Quality of life as compared to patients without PTSD. Future research areas should be oriented toward recognizing potential psychosocial and psychopathological variables capable of influencing the quality of life of patients discharged from the intensive care unit to better recognize the prognosis and longtime effects of diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20085504","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,14]],"date-time":"2023-04-14T02:03:38Z","timestamp":1681437818000},"page":"5504","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Incidence, Risk Factors, and Consequences of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms in Survivors of COVID-19-Related ARDS"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Sara","family":"Miori","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Santa Chiara Hospital, 38122 Trento, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5577-5781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Sanna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Santa Chiara Hospital, 38122 Trento, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Lassola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Santa Chiara Hospital, 38122 Trento, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erica","family":"Cicolini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Santa Chiara Hospital, 38122 Trento, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Zanella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Santa Chiara Hospital, 38122 Trento, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Magnoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Santa Chiara Hospital, 38122 Trento, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8987-4596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"De Rosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Santa Chiara Hospital, 38122 Trento, Italy"},{"name":"Centre for Medical Sciences\u2014CISMed, University of Trento, 38122 Trento, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giacomo","family":"Bellani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Santa Chiara Hospital, 38122 Trento, Italy"},{"name":"Centre for Medical Sciences\u2014CISMed, University of Trento, 38122 Trento, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4356-3543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele","family":"Umbrello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Intensive Care Unit, San Carlo Borromeo University Hospital, 20142 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.05.048","article-title":"COVID-19 pandemic and mental health consequences: Systematic review of the current evidence","volume":"89","author":"Vindegaard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain. Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6932a1","article-title":"Mental Health, Substance Use, and Suicidal Ideation During the COVID-19 Pandemic\u2014United States, June 24\u201330, 2020","volume":"69","author":"Czeisler","year":"2020","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.2017","article-title":"Association of COVID-19 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome with Symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Family Members After ICU Discharge","volume":"327","author":"Azoulay","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(1946). Constitution of the World Health Organization. Am. J. Public Health Nations Health, 36, 1315\u20131323.","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.36.11.1315"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2253","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.21753","article-title":"Older Adults and the Mental Health Effects of COVID-19","volume":"324","author":"Vahia","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-021-00910-9","article-title":"Post-intensive care syndrome after a critical COVID-19: Cohort study from a Belgian follow-up clinic","volume":"11","author":"Rousseau","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Intensive Care"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2021.0109","article-title":"Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Patients After Severe COVID-19 Infection","volume":"78","author":"Janiri","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pan, L., Xu, Q., Kuang, X., Zhang, X., Fang, F., Gui, L., Li, M., Tefsen, B., Zha, L., and Liu, H. (2021). Prevalence and factors associated with post-traumatic stress disorder in healthcare workers exposed to COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: A cross-sectional survey. BMC Psychiatry, 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-021-03589-1"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200880","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.200880","article-title":"Prevalence of post-traumatic symptomatology and anxiety among residential nursing and care home workers following the first COVID-19 outbreak in Northern Italy","volume":"7","author":"Riello","year":"2020","journal-title":"R. Soc. Open Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658528","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.658528","article-title":"The Role of Social Determinants in Mental Health and Resilience After Disasters: Implications for Public Health Policy and Practice","volume":"9","author":"Mao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-020-0201-1","article-title":"Survivorship after COVID-19 ICU stay","volume":"6","author":"Hosey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primer"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s44158-022-00048-5","article-title":"High rates of impaired quality of life and social and economic problems at 6 months after COVID-19-related ARDS","volume":"2","author":"Umbrello","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Anesth. Analg. Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s43045-021-00119-3","article-title":"COVID-19-associated PTSD in the elderly\u2014Lessons learned for the next global pandemic","volume":"28","author":"Sarangi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Middle East Curr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e47","DOI":"10.1192\/bjo.2021.3","article-title":"Post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in COVID-19 survivors: Online population survey","volume":"7","author":"Chamberlain","year":"2021","journal-title":"BJPsych Open"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"13","article-title":"Post-traumatic stress disorder-related symptoms after intensive care","volume":"71","author":"Capuzzo","year":"2005","journal-title":"MINERVA Anestesiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R6","DOI":"10.1186\/cc8848","article-title":"Quality of life in the five years after intensive care: A cohort study","volume":"14","author":"Cuthbertson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2164","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X19666210113152954","article-title":"PTSD in the COVID-19 Era","volume":"19","author":"Chamaa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.07.018","article-title":"Psychiatric and neuropsychiatric sequelae of COVID-19\u2014A systematic review","volume":"97","author":"Schou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zante, B., Erne, K., Grossenbacher, J., Camenisch, S.A., Schefold, J.C., and Jeitziner, M.-M. (2021). Symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in next of kin during suspension of ICU visits during the COVID-19 pandemic: A prospective observational study. BMC Psychiatry, 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-021-03468-9"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pai, A., Suris, A., and North, C. (2017). Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in the DSM-5: Controversy, Change, and Conceptual Considerations. Behav. Sci., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/bs7010007"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp2008017","article-title":"Mental Health and the COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"383","author":"Pfefferbaum","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S22","DOI":"10.1037\/tra0000706","article-title":"Adjustment and coronavirus: How to prepare for COVID-19 pandemic-related adjustment disorder worldwide?","volume":"12","author":"Kazlauskas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol. Trauma Theory Res. Pract. Policy"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421819","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2017.1421819","article-title":"A scoping review of ICD-11 adjustment disorder research","volume":"8","author":"Kazlauskas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Psychotraumatol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vrettou, C.S., Mantziou, V., Vassiliou, A.G., Orfanos, S.E., Kotanidou, A., and Dimopoulou, I. (2022). Post-Intensive Care Syndrome in Survivors from Critical Illness including COVID-19 Patients: A Narrative Review. Life, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/life12010107"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7977","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-11929-8","article-title":"Prevalence of post-intensive care syndrome in mechanically ventilated patients with COVID-19","volume":"12","author":"Carrillo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1672948","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2019.1672948","article-title":"A decennial review of psychotraumatology: What did we learn and where are we going?","volume":"10","author":"Olff","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Psychotraumatol."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"2526","article-title":"Acute respiratory distress syndrome: The Berlin Definition","volume":"307","author":"Force","year":"2012","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The EuroQol Group (1990). EuroQol\u2014A new facility for the measurement of health-related quality of life. Health Policy, 16, 199\u2013208.","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-8510(90)90421-9"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.1997.015-az014.x","article-title":"Short Form 36 in the intensive care unit: Assessment of acceptability, reliability and validity of the questionnaire","volume":"52","author":"Chrispin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3999(02)00638-4","article-title":"The Impact of Event Scale","volume":"55","author":"Pietrantonio","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Ware, J.E., Snow, K.K., Kosinski, M., and Gandek, B. (1993). SF-36 Health Survey: Manual and Interpretation Guide, Health Institute, New England Medical Center."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.64.12.1427","article-title":"Exposure to Hurricane-Related Stressors and Mental Illness After Hurricane Katrina","volume":"64","author":"Galea","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1917550","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.17550","article-title":"Association of Postdisaster Depression and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder With Mortality Among Older Disaster Survivors of the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami","volume":"2","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hamwey, M.K., Gargano, L.M., Friedman, L.G., Leon, L.F., Petrsoric, L.J., and Brackbill, R.M. (2020). Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder among Survivors of the September 11, 2001 World Trade Center Attacks: A Review of the Literature. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17124344"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113599","article-title":"Prevalence of symptoms of depression, anxiety, insomnia, posttraumatic stress disorder, and psychological distress among populations affected by the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"295","author":"Noorishad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1915576","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2021.1915576","article-title":"Prevalence and predictors of post-traumatic stress disorder in patients with cured coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) one month post-discharge","volume":"12","author":"Ju","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Psychotraumatol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3741","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329172000344X","article-title":"Comment on Dutheil, Mondillon, and Navel (2020): The importance of adjustment disorders and resilience","volume":"52","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(19)30203-6","article-title":"Post-traumatic stress in the intensive care unit","volume":"7","author":"Burki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(14)70051-7","article-title":"Depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and functional disability in survivors of critical illness in the BRAIN-ICU study: A longitudinal cohort study","volume":"2","author":"Jackson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201506-1158OC","article-title":"Incidence and Risk Factors for Intensive Care Unit\u2013related Post-traumatic Stress Disorder in Veterans and Civilians","volume":"193","author":"Patel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R168","DOI":"10.1186\/cc9260","article-title":"Intensive care diaries reduce new onset post traumatic stress disorder following critical illness: A randomised, controlled trial","volume":"14","author":"Jones","year":"2010","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2008.05.006","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress disorder in general intensive care unit survivors: A systematic review","volume":"30","author":"Davydow","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.12-0908","article-title":"Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Survivors of Acute Lung Injury","volume":"144","author":"Bienvenu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2657","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291713000214","article-title":"Post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms after acute lung injury: A 2-year prospective longitudinal study","volume":"43","author":"Bienvenu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1702","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-021-06731-7","article-title":"Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Among COVID-19 Survivors at 3-Month Follow-up After Hospital Discharge","volume":"36","author":"Tarsitani","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Gen. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mazza, C., Ricci, E., Biondi, S., Colasanti, M., Ferracuti, S., Napoli, C., and Roma, P. (2020). A Nationwide Survey of Psychological Distress among Italian People during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Immediate Psychological Responses and Associated Factors. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17093165"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, J., Zheng, P., Jia, Y., Chen, H., Mao, Y., Chen, S., Wang, Y., Fu, H., and Dai, J. (2020). Mental health problems and social media exposure during COVID-19 outbreak. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3541120"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113138","article-title":"Correlates of symptoms of anxiety and depression and mental wellbeing associated with COVID-19: A cross-sectional study of UK-based respondents","volume":"291","author":"Smith","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20838","article-title":"Differences in the determinants of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression after a mass traumatic event","volume":"28","author":"Tracy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Depress. Anxiety"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neria, Y., Galea, S., and Norris, F.H. (2009). Mental Health and Disasters, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511730030"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1093\/epirev\/mxi003","article-title":"The Epidemiology of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder after Disasters","volume":"27","author":"Galea","year":"2005","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113959","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2021.113959","article-title":"COVID-19 Related Symptoms of Anxiety, Depression, and PTSD among US Adults","volume":"301","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101343","article-title":"Racial and socioeconomic status differences in stress, posttraumatic growth, and mental health in an older adult cohort during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"45","author":"Willey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eclinicalmedicine"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nzimande, N.P., El Tantawi, M., Zu\u00f1iga, R.A.A., Opoku-Sarkodie, R., Brown, B., Ezechi, O.C., Uzochukwu, B.S.C., Ellakany, P., Aly, N.M., and Nguyen, A.L. (2022). Sex differences in the experience of COVID-19 post-traumatic stress symptoms by adults in South Africa. BMC Psychiatry, 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-022-03883-6"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620023","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.620023","article-title":"The Combined Impact of Gender and Age on Post-traumatic Stress Symptoms, Depression, and Insomnia During COVID-19 Outbreak in China","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brotto, L.A., Chankasingh, K., Baaske, A., Albert, A., Booth, A., Kaida, A., Smith, L.W., Racey, S., Gottschlich, A., and Murray, M.C.M. (2021). The influence of sex, gender, age, and ethnicity on psychosocial factors and substance use throughout phases of the COVID-19 pandemic. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.06.08.21258572"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351204","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2017.1351204","article-title":"Sex and gender differences in post-traumatic stress disorder: An update","volume":"8","author":"Olff","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Psychotraumatol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1057\/s41599-021-00900-z","article-title":"News media coverage of COVID-19 public health and policy information","volume":"8","author":"Mach","year":"2021","journal-title":"Humanit. Soc. Sci. Commun."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s43076-022-00192-5","article-title":"The Negative Impact of Social Media during COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"31","author":"Lelisho","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Psychol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, H. (2022). Official social media and its impact on public behavior during the first wave of COVID-19 in China. BMC Public Health, 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-12803-y"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.68.5.748","article-title":"Meta-analysis of risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed adults","volume":"68","author":"Brewin","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Consult. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-4458-4-8","article-title":"Determinants of psychological morbidity in survivors of the earthquake and tsunami in Aceh and Nias","volume":"4","author":"Irmansyah","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Ment. Health Syst."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-9004.2011.00379.x","article-title":"Resilience in the Context of Chronic Stress and Health in Adults: Resilience, Chronic Stress and Health","volume":"5","author":"Schetter","year":"2011","journal-title":"Soc. Personal. Psychol. Compass"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.3928\/00485713-20140108-04","article-title":"The Social Determinants of Mental Health: An Overview and Call to Action","volume":"44","author":"Shim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Ann."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.00573","article-title":"Relationship Between Mental Health and the Education Level in Elderly People: Mediation of Leisure Attitude","volume":"11","author":"Belo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, T., and Lucock, M. (2022). The mental health of university students during the COVID-19 pandemic: An online survey in the UK. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0262562"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21279","DOI":"10.2196\/21279","article-title":"Effects of COVID-19 on College Students\u2019 Mental Health in the United States: Interview Survey Study","volume":"22","author":"Son","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kecojevic, A., Basch, C.H., Sullivan, M., and Davi, N.K. (2020). The impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on mental health of undergraduate students in New Jersey, cross-sectional study. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0239696"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, Y., Lin, S.-Y., and Chung, K.K.H. (2020). University Students\u2019 Perceived Peer Support and Experienced Depressive Symptoms during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Mediating Role of Emotional Well-Being. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17249308"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2021.102368","article-title":"Garbage in, garbage out: The tenuous state of research on PTSD in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and infodemic","volume":"78","author":"Asmundson","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Anxiety Disord."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1159\/000099290","article-title":"Adjustment Disorders as Stress Response Syndromes: A New Diagnostic Concept and Its Exploration in a Medical Sample","volume":"40","author":"Maercker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychopathology"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nandasena, H.M.R.K.G., Pathirathna, M.L., Atapattu, A.M.M.P., and Prasanga, P.T.S. (2022). Quality of life of COVID 19 patients after discharge: Systematic review. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0263941"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/20\/8\/5504\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:15:23Z","timestamp":1760123723000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/20\/8\/5504"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,13]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph20085504"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph20085504","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,13]]}}}