{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T01:21:05Z","timestamp":1783387265498,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,20]],"date-time":"2023-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681948800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Infantile hemangioma (IH) is important to all dentists, particularly dentists providing services to pediatric populations, because significant morbidity and mortality can occur from vascular lesions in children. Specialists of the oral cavity have the responsibility to identify patients with IH, a lesion that could be potentially life threatening. We present a case of IH and will provide a narrative review of the most recent literature. We discuss the diagnosis, risk stratification, treatment, complications, and impact on routine dental procedures. A proper diagnosis is crucial as oral and perioral IH are considered high-risk due to the increased risk of ulceration and feeding impairment. Referral to a hemangioma specialist for comprehensive team treatment is optimal. The natural history of IH consists of a long proliferative phase, which manifests as clinically visible growth. As a result of early encounters with patients, the pediatric dentist may often be considered the primary care provider.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20085585","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,20]],"date-time":"2023-04-20T03:25:11Z","timestamp":1681961111000},"page":"5585","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Infantile Hemangioma: A Common Lesion in a Vulnerable Population"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Samon","family":"Nazemian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Dentistry Resident Department of Pediatric Dentistry, College of Dentistry Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shohreh","family":"Sharif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Greater Washington Dentistry, 3700 Joseph Siewick Drive, Fairfax, VA 22033, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4350-6568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esther L. B.","family":"Childers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, College of Dentistry Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1002\/bdr2.1023","article-title":"Infantile Hemangiomas: An Updated Review on Risk Factors, Pathogenesis, and Treatment","volume":"109","author":"Smith","year":"2017","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1111\/pde.13751","article-title":"Outcomes of surgical treatment for hemangiomas","volume":"36","author":"Cheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.174.3.1740597","article-title":"Vascular malformations and hemangiomas: A practical approach in a multi-disciplinary clinic centennial dissertation","volume":"174","author":"Donnelly","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20183475","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2018-3475","article-title":"Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Infantile Hemangiomas","volume":"143","author":"Krowchuk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-2767","article-title":"Growth Characteristics of Infantile Hemangiomas: Implications for Management","volume":"122","author":"Chang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20160355","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-0355","article-title":"Topical Timolol Maleate Treatment of Infantile Hemangiomas","volume":"138","author":"Lucky","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00645-0","article-title":"Infantile haemangioma","volume":"390","author":"Harper","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2018.03.024","article-title":"Role of intralesional bleomycin and intralesional triamcinolone therapy in residual haemangioma following propranolol","volume":"47","author":"Pandey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1097\/MOO.0b013e3283587415","article-title":"The genetics of vascular anomalies","volume":"20","author":"Frigerio","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1111\/pde.13626","article-title":"Localized infantile hemangiomas of the face and scalp: Predilection for the midline and periorbital and perioral skin","volume":"35","author":"Haggstrom","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20161623","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-1623","article-title":"Inheritance Patterns of Infantile Hemangioma","volume":"138","author":"Salminen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e294","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.12629","article-title":"A clinical approach to diagnose patients with localized telangiectasia","volume":"54","author":"Gupta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Lyssy, L.A., and Puckett, Y. (2023). Oral Hemangiomas, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1111\/pde.14196","article-title":"Management of infantile hemangiomas during the COVID pandemic","volume":"37","author":"Frieden","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr. Dermatol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/20\/8\/5585\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:19:31Z","timestamp":1760123971000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/20\/8\/5585"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,20]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph20085585"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph20085585","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,20]]}}}