{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T10:50:35Z","timestamp":1782903035750,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]],"date-time":"2023-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684368000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Patients with long-term health sequelae of COVID-19 (post-COVID-19 condition) experience both physical and cognitive manifestations. However, there is still uncertainty about the prevalence of physical impairment in these patients and whether there is a link between physical and cognitive function. The aim was to assess the prevalence of physical impairment and investigate the association with cognition in patients assessed in a post-COVID-19 clinic. In this cross-sectional study, patients referred to an outpatient clinic \u2265 3 months after acute infection underwent screening of their physical and cognitive function as part of a comprehensive multidisciplinary assessment. Physical function was assessed with the 6-Minute Walk Test, the 30 s Sit-to-Stand Test and by measuring handgrip strength. Cognitive function was assessed with the Screen for Cognitive Impairment in Psychiatry and the Trail Making Test-Part B. Physical impairment was tested by comparing the patients\u2019 performance to normative and expected values. Association with cognition was investigated using correlation analyses and the possible explanatory variables regarding physical function were assessed using regression analyses. In total, we included 292 patients, the mean age was 52 (\u00b115) years, 56% were women and 50% had been hospitalised during an acute COVID-19 infection. The prevalence of physical impairment ranged from 23% in functional exercise capacity to 59% in lower extremity muscle strength and function. There was no greater risk of physical impairment in previously hospitalised compared with the non-hospitalised patients. There was a weak to moderate association between physical and cognitive function. The cognitive test scores had statistically significant prediction value for all three outcomes of physical function. In conclusion, physical impairments were prevalent amongst patients assessed for post-COVID-19 condition regardless of their hospitalisation status and these were associated with more cognitive dysfunction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20105866","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]],"date-time":"2023-05-18T10:17:26Z","timestamp":1684405046000},"page":"5866","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Physical Function and Association with Cognitive Function in Patients in a Post-COVID-19 Clinic\u2014A Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Durita Vider\u00f8","family":"Gunnarsson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, 2400 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamilla Woznica","family":"Miskowiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurocognition and Emotion in Affective Disorders (NEAD) Centre, Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen-Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark, 1172 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johanna K\u00f8lle","family":"Pedersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurocognition and Emotion in Affective Disorders (NEAD) Centre, Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen-Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark, 1172 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5464-4088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henrik","family":"Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Research Unit and Department of Respiratory Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital-Amager and Hvidovre, 2650 Hvidovre, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daria","family":"Podlekareva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, 2400 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stine","family":"Johnsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, 2400 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian Have","family":"Dall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, 2400 Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2023, March 09). COVID-19 Dashboard by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins University (JHU). Available online: https:\/\/coronavirus.jhu.edu\/map.html."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2022, December 14). A Clinical Case Definition of Post COVID-19 Condition by a Delphi Consensus, 6 October 2021. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/WHO-2019-nCoV-Post_COVID-19_condition-Clinical_case_definition-2021.1."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Domingo, F.R., Waddell, L.A., Cheung, A.M., Cooper, C.L., Belcourt, V.J., Zuckermann, A.M.E., Corrin, T., Ahmad, R., Boland, L., and Laprise, C. (2021). Prevalence of long-term effects in individuals diagnosed with COVID-19: An updated living systematic review. medRxiv, 2021.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.06.03.21258317"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.12603","article-title":"Persistent Symptoms in Patients After Acute COVID-19","volume":"324","author":"Bernabei","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32656-8","article-title":"6-month consequences of COVID-19 in patients discharged from hospital: A cohort study","volume":"397","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.08.029","article-title":"Post-discharge persistent symptoms and health-related quality of life after hospitalization for COVID-19","volume":"81","author":"Garrigues","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taquet, M., Dercon, Q., Luciano, S., Geddes, J.R., Husain, M., and Harrison, P.J. (2021). Incidence, co-occurrence, and evolution of long-COVID features: A 6-month retrospective cohort study of 273,618 survivors of COVID-19. PLoS Med., 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003773"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Mahoney, L.L., Routen, A., Gillies, C., Ekezie, W., Welford, A., Zhang, A., Karamchandani, U., Simms-Williams, N., Cassambai, S., and Ardavani, A. (2023). The prevalence and long-term health effects of Long Covid among hospitalised and non-hospitalised populations: A systematic review and meta-analysis. eClinicalMedicine, 55.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101762"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"00205","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00205-2021","article-title":"Descriptive analysis of long COVID sequelae identified in a multidisciplinary clinic serving hospitalised and non-hospitalised patients","volume":"7","author":"Johnsen","year":"2021","journal-title":"ERJ Open Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stavem, K., Ghanima, W., Olsen, M.K., Gilboe, H.M., and Einvik, G. (2021). Prevalence and Determinants of Fatigue after COVID-19 in Non-Hospitalized Subjects: A Population-Based Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18042030"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0000000000001910","article-title":"Post-acute COVID-19 Syndrome Negatively Impacts Physical Function, Cognitive Function, Health-Related Quality of Life, and Participation","volume":"101","author":"Tabacof","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Greenhalgh, T., Knight, M., A\u2019Court, C., Buxton, M., and Husain, L. (2020). Management of post-acute covid-19 in primary care. BMJ, 370.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m3026"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Augustin, M., Schommers, P., Stecher, M., Dewald, F., Gieselmann, L., Gruell, H., Horn, C., Vanshylla, K., Cristanziano, V.D., and Osebold, L. (2021). Post-COVID syndrome in non-hospitalised patients with COVID-19: A longitudinal prospective cohort study. Lancet Reg. Health Eur., 6.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2021.100122"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agergaard, J., Ullahammer, W.M., Gunst, J.D., \u00d8stergaard, L., and Schi\u00f8ttz-Christensen, B. (2022). Characteristics of a Danish Post-COVID Cohort Referred for Examination due to Persistent Symptoms Six Months after Mild Acute COVID-19. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11247338"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bellan, M., Soddu, D., Balbo, P.E., Baricich, A., Zeppegno, P., Avanzi, G.C., Baldon, G., Bartolomei, G., Battaglia, M., and Battistini, S. (2021). Respiratory and Psychophysical Sequelae Among Patients With COVID-19 Four Months After Hospital Discharge. JAMA Netw. Open., 4.","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.36142"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nasserie, T., Hittle, M., and Goodman, S.N. (2021). Assessment of the Frequency and Variety of Persistent Symptoms Among Patients With COVID-19: A Systematic Review. JAMA Netw. Open, 4.","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.11417"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1089","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1750","article-title":"Comprehensive Health Assessment 3 Months After Recovery From Acute Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)","volume":"73","author":"Peters","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cort\u00e9s-Telles, A., L\u00f3pez-Romero, S., Figueroa-Hurtado, E., Pou-Aguilar, Y.N., Wong, A.W., Milne, K.M., Ryerson, C.J., and Guenette, J.A. (2021). Pulmonary function and functional capacity in COVID-19 survivors with persistent dyspnoea. Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol., 288.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2021.103644"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2022, June 29). International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health. Available online: http:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/42407\/9241545429.pdf;jsessionid=71829FB8B8EB3F75F9447EEA6C984D53?sequence=1."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e63","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmed.2020-0896","article-title":"Autonomic dysfunction in \u2019long COVID\u2019: Rationale, physiology and management strategies","volume":"21","author":"Dani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.07.028","article-title":"Post-COVID-19 chronic symptoms: A postinfectious entity?","volume":"26","author":"Davido","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ashton, R., Ansdell, P., Hume, E., Maden-Wilkinson, T., Ryan, D., Tuttiett, E., and Faghy, M. (2022). COVID-19 and the long-term cardio-respiratory and metabolic health complications. Rev. Cardiovasc. Med., 23.","DOI":"10.31083\/j.rcm2302053"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"NICE (2022, June 29). COVID-19 Rapid Guideline: Managing the Long-Term Effects of COVID-19. Available online: https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/ng188."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M228","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/57.4.M228","article-title":"The relationship between cognitive and physical performance: MacArthur Studies of Successful Aging","volume":"57","author":"Tabbarah","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1093\/epirev\/mxs004","article-title":"The dynamic relationship between physical function and cognition in longitudinal aging cohorts","volume":"35","author":"Clouston","year":"2013","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00150314","article-title":"An official European Respiratory Society\/American Thoracic Society technical standard: Field walking tests in chronic respiratory disease","volume":"44","author":"Holland","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1042\/cs0760277","article-title":"A comparison of the visual analogue scale and modified Borg scale for the measurement of dyspnoea during exercise","volume":"76","author":"Wilson","year":"1989","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1123\/japa.7.2.129","article-title":"Development and Validation of a Functional Fitness Test for Community-Residing Older Adults","volume":"7","author":"Rikli","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Aging Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afr051","article-title":"A review of the measurement of grip strength in clinical and epidemiological studies: Towards a standardised approach","volume":"40","author":"Roberts","year":"2011","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2015.07.039","article-title":"Optimising screening for cognitive dysfunction in bipolar disorder: Validation and evaluation of objective and subjective tools","volume":"187","author":"Jensen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"U.S. Army War Department (1944). Manual of Directions and Scoring, Adjutant General\u2019s Office."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2277","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2006.390","article-title":"Administration and interpretation of Trail Making Test","volume":"1","author":"Bowie","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"CAT (2022, April 04). The COPD Assessment Test (CAT) For Healthcare Professionals & Researchers. Available online: https:\/\/www.catestonline.org\/hcp-homepage\/academic-researcher.html."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"UK Research and Innovation (2022, April 08). MRC Dyspnoea Scale. Available online: https:\/\/www.ukri.org\/councils\/mrc\/facilities-and-resources\/find-an-mrc-facility-or-resource\/mrc-dyspnoea-scale\/."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"EuroQol Research Foundation (2022, April 04). EQ-5D-5L. Available online: https:\/\/euroqol.org\/eq-5d-instruments\/eq-5d-5l-about\/."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klok, F.A., Boon, G., Barco, S., Endres, M., Geelhoed, J.J.M., Knauss, S., Rezek, S.A., Spruit, M.A., Vehreschild, J., and Siegerink, B. (2020). The Post-COVID-19 Functional Status scale: A tool to measure functional status over time after COVID-19. Eur. Respir. J.","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01494-2020"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8260.1982.tb01421.x","article-title":"The Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (CFQ) and its correlates","volume":"21","author":"Broadbent","year":"1982","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9681(87)90171-8","article-title":"A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: Development and validation","volume":"40","author":"Charlson","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Chronic Dis."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.158.5.9710086","article-title":"Reference equations for the six-minute walk in healthy adults","volume":"158","author":"Enright","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Kristensen, M.T., Dall, C.H., Aadahl, M., and Suetta, C. (2022). Systematisk m\u00e5ling af fysisk funktion hos voksne patienter p\u00e5 tv\u00e6rs af diagnoser. UGESKRIFT L\u00c6GER, 184."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Swinscow, T.D.V. (1997). Statistics at Square One, John Mark Ockerbloom."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lorent, N., Vande Weygaerde, Y., Claeys, E., Guler Caamano Fajardo, I., De Vos, N., De Wever, W., Salhi, B., Gyselinck, I., Bosteels, C., and Lambrecht, B.N. (2022). Prospective longitudinal evaluation of hospitalised COVID-19 survivors 3 and 12 months after discharge. ERJ Open. Res., 8.","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00004-2022"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.22832","article-title":"Sequelae in adults at 12 months after mild-to-moderate coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","volume":"11","author":"Guida","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Forum Allergy Rhinol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01433-3","article-title":"Long COVID in a prospective cohort of home-isolated patients","volume":"27","author":"Blomberg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nielsen, T.B., Leth, S., Pedersen, M., Harbo, H.D., Nielsen, C.V., Laursen, C.H., Schi\u00f8ttz-Christensen, B., and Oestergaard, L.G. (2022). Mental Fatigue, Activities of Daily Living, Sick Leave and Functional Status among Patients with Long COVID: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192214739"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00150414","article-title":"An official systematic review of the European Respiratory Society\/American Thoracic Society: Measurement properties of field walking tests in chronic respiratory disease","volume":"44","author":"Singh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-3003.1999.14b06.x","article-title":"Six minute walking distance in healthy elderly subjects","volume":"14","author":"Troosters","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2005.10.006","article-title":"Age trajectories of grip strength: Cross-sectional and longitudinal data among 8342 Danes aged 46 to 102","volume":"16","author":"Frederiksen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aadahl, M., Beyer, N., Linneberg, A., Thuesen, B.H., and J\u00f8rgensen, T. (2011). Grip strength and lower limb extension power in 19-72-year-old Danish men and women: The Health2006 study. BMJ Open, 1.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2011-000192"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2013.08.029","article-title":"Muscle strength and physical activity are associated with self-rated health in an adult Danish population","volume":"57","author":"Hansen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12477","article-title":"The Copenhagen Sarcopenia Study: Lean mass, strength, power, and physical function in a Danish cohort aged 20-93 years","volume":"10","author":"Suetta","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spruit, M.A., Sillen, M.J., Groenen, M.T., Wouters, E.F., and Franssen, F.M. (2013). New normative values for handgrip strength: Results from the UK Biobank. J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc., 14.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2013.06.013"},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"3","article-title":"Grip strength reference values for Canadians aged 6 to 79: Canadian Health Measures Survey, 2007 to 2013","volume":"27","author":"Wong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Health Rep."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Steiber, N. (2016). Strong or weak handgrip? Normative reference values for the German population across the life course stratified by sex, age, and body height. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0163917"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.31.75","article-title":"Minimal clinically important difference for grip strength: A systematic review","volume":"31","author":"Bohannon","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Phys. Ther. Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2002). ATS statement: Guidelines for the six-minute walk test. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 166, 111\u2013117.","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.166.1.at1102"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2022.12.122","article-title":"Cognitive impairments among patients in a long-COVID clinic: Prevalence, pattern and relation to illness severity, work function and quality of life","volume":"324","author":"Miskowiak","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2018.10.002","article-title":"Exercise-induced brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression: Therapeutic implications for Alzheimer\u2019s dementia","volume":"48","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u00e9cary, S., Dugas, M., Stefan, T., Langlois, L., Skidmore, B., Bh\u00e9reur, A., LeBlanc, A., Services, A.H., Hastings, S., and Manns, B. (2021). Care Models for Long COVID: A Rapid Systematic Review. medRxiv, 2021.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.11.17.21266404"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fugazzaro, S., Contri, A., Esseroukh, O., Kaleci, S., Croci, S., Massari, M., Facciolongo, N.C., Besutti, G., Iori, M., and Salvarani, C. (2022). Rehabilitation Interventions for Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19095185"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1177\/02692155211036956","article-title":"Comparative effectiveness study of low versus high-intensity aerobic training with resistance training in community-dwelling older men with post-COVID 19 sarcopenia: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"36","author":"Nambi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, K., Zhang, W., Yang, Y., Zhang, J., Li, Y., and Chen, Y. (2020). Respiratory rehabilitation in elderly patients with COVID-19: A randomized controlled study. Complement. Ther. Clin. Pract., 39.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctcp.2020.101166"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, J., Xia, W., Zhan, C., Liu, S., Yin, Z., Wang, J., Chong, Y., Zheng, C., Fang, X., and Cheng, W. (2022). A telerehabilitation programme in post-discharge COVID-19 patients (TERECO): A randomised controlled trial. Thorax, 77.","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2021-217382"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1002\/pmrj.12744","article-title":"Multi-disciplinary collaborative consensus guidance statement on the assessment and treatment of breathing discomfort and respiratory sequelae in patients with post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC)","volume":"14","author":"Maley","year":"2022","journal-title":"PM&R"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2022.04.004","article-title":"Trajectory of cognitive impairments over 1 year after COVID-19 hospitalisation: Pattern, severity, and functional implications","volume":"59","author":"Miskowiak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/20\/10\/5866\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:37:56Z","timestamp":1760125076000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/20\/10\/5866"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph20105866"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph20105866","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]]}}}