{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T09:42:10Z","timestamp":1780393330010,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,20]],"date-time":"2023-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687219200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"South African National Treasury"},{"name":"University of Tampere, Finland, and the National Research Foundation of South Africa"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>One of the biggest threats to early childhood development in Africa is poor maternal mental health. The present study reports on the relationships between clinical diagnoses of persistent maternal mental health disorders (at 3- and\/or 6- and 18-month post-term age) and toddler neurodevelopment at 18 months of age. Eighty-three mother\u2013toddler dyads from low socio-economic status settings in Cape Town, South Africa, were included. At the 3-, 6- and 18-month postnatal visits, clinician-administered structured diagnostic assessments were carried out according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-V (DSM-V) criteria. Toddler neurodevelopment at 18 months corrected age was assessed with the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (BSID-III). No significant differences (p &gt; 0.05) were found between toddlers with exposure to persistent mood or psychotic disorders in the different BSID-III domains compared to toddlers with no exposure. Toddlers exposed to persistent comorbid anxiety and mood disorders scored significantly higher on the cognitive (p = 0.049), motor (p = 0.013) and language (p = 0.041) domains and attained significantly higher fine motor (p = 0.043) and gross motor (p = 0.041) scaled scores compared to toddlers with no maternal mental health disorder exposure. Future investigations should focus on the role of protective factors to explain the pathways through which maternal mental health status is associated with positive toddler neurodevelopmental outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20126192","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,21]],"date-time":"2023-06-21T02:30:51Z","timestamp":1687314651000},"page":"6192","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Persistent Maternal Mental Health Disorders and Toddler Neurodevelopment at 18 Months: Longitudinal Follow-up of a Low-Income South African Cohort"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Marlette","family":"Burger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Physiotherapy Division, Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town 8000, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christa","family":"Einspieler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit iDN\u2014Interdisciplinary Developmental Neuroscience, Division of Phoniatrics, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esme R.","family":"Jordaan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biostatistics Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town 7500, South Africa"},{"name":"Statistics and Population Studies, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town 8000, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4557-9418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marianne","family":"Unger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Physiotherapy Division, Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town 8000, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9696-5605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dana J. H.","family":"Niehaus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town 8000, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Developmental assessment of children","volume":"345","author":"Bellman","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e232","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-2663","article-title":"The lifelong effects of early childhood adversity and toxic stress","volume":"129","author":"Shonkoff","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2015.1475","article-title":"Association of Child Poverty, Brain Development, and Academic Achievement","volume":"169","author":"Hair","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31389-7","article-title":"Advancing early childhood development: From science to scale 1 Early childhood development coming of age: Science through the life course","volume":"389","author":"Black","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2010","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2020-002314","article-title":"Inequalities in early childhood care and development in low\/middle-income countries: 2010\u20132018","volume":"5","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Glob. 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