{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T11:25:09Z","timestamp":1788780309551,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,27]],"date-time":"2023-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687824000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The presence of unilateral vesicoureteral reflux (VUR), and renal dysplasia associated with posterior urethral valves (PUV) (VURD syndrome) was believed to represent a pressure-released pop-off mechanism protecting kidney function. We aimed to investigate its role with respect to long-term kidney function in a cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis. We compared the iohexol glomerular filtration rate (GFR) measured at 5 (GFR5) and 10 (GFR10) years of age in children with (Group A) and without (Group B) VURD syndrome, who underwent PUV resection under 2 years of age. VURD syndrome was diagnosed in cases of unilateral loss of kidney function (&lt;15% on nuclear medicine test) associated with ipsilateral grade IV-V VUR. VURD syndrome was diagnosed in 16 (12.8%) out of 125 patients who met the inclusion criteria. While the median GFR5 was similar in the 2 groups [Group A: 87.3 (74.7\u2013101.2) mL\/min\/1.73 m2 vs. Group B: 99.6 (77\u2013113) mL\/min\/1.73 m2, p-value: 0.181], the median GFR10 values were significantly lower in children with VURD syndrome [Group A: 75.7 (71.2\u201385.9) mL\/min\/1.73 m2 vs. Group B: 95.1 (81.2\u2013114.2) mL\/min\/1.73 m2, p-value: 0.009]. Similar results were obtained in a longitudinal analysis of the children with GFR measurement available both at 5 and 10 years of age [GFR5 in Group A: 93.1 (76.9\u2013103.5) mL\/min\/1.73 m2 vs. Group B: 97.5 (80\u2013113) mL\/min\/1.73 m2, p-value: 0.460; GFR10: Group A: 71.9 (71.9\u201385.9) mL\/min\/1.73 m2 vs. Group B: 94.8 (81.5\u2013110.6) mL\/min\/1.73 m2, p-value: 0.024]. In conclusion, VURD syndrome does not show a protective role in kidney function preservation. On the contrary, it seems to be associated with a deterioration of the kidney function on a long-term follow-up.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20136238","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,28]],"date-time":"2023-06-28T00:45:11Z","timestamp":1687913111000},"page":"6238","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Posterior Urethral Valves, Unilateral Vesicoureteral Reflux, and Renal Dysplasia (VURD) Syndrome: Long-Term Longitudinal Evaluation of the Kidney Function"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Irene","family":"Paraboschi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Nephro-Urology, Evelina London Children\u2019s Hospital, Guy\u2019s and St Thomas\u2019 NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 7EH, UK"},{"name":"Department of Pediatric Urology, Fondazione IRCCS C\u00e0 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Francesco Sforza 28, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adele","family":"Giannettoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Nephro-Urology, Evelina London Children\u2019s Hospital, Guy\u2019s and St Thomas\u2019 NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 7EH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4361-4523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guglielmo","family":"Mantica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2652-3964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexios","family":"Polymeropoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics ad Quantitative Methods, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pankaj","family":"Mishra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Nephro-Urology, Evelina London Children\u2019s Hospital, Guy\u2019s and St Thomas\u2019 NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 7EH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Clothier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Nephro-Urology, Evelina London Children\u2019s Hospital, Guy\u2019s and St Thomas\u2019 NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 7EH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5377-3849","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimo","family":"Garriboli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Nephro-Urology, Evelina London Children\u2019s Hospital, Guy\u2019s and St Thomas\u2019 NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 7EH, UK"},{"name":"Stem Cells & Regenerative Medicine Section, Developmental Biology & Cancer Programme, UCL Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Bingham, G., and Rentea, R.M. 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Kidney J."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/20\/13\/6238\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:02:11Z","timestamp":1760126531000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/20\/13\/6238"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,27]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph20136238"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph20136238","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,27]]}}}