{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T19:17:23Z","timestamp":1782155843788,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,16]],"date-time":"2023-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689465600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009054","name":"President\u2019s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NU2GGH001430-05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NU2GGH001430-05"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Using cross-sectional data from the 2019 Namibia Violence Against Children and Youth Survey and sex-stratified multivariable models, we assessed the associations between four different positive childhood experiences (PCEs) and having \u22653 adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), including \u22653 ACE\u2013PCE interaction terms, and seven sexual risk factors for HIV acquisition among young adults aged 19\u201324 years. One PCE, having a strong father\u2013child relationship, was inversely associated with two risk factors among women (lifetime transactional sex (OR, 0.4; 95% CI, 0.2\u20130.7) and recent age-disparate sexual relationships (OR, 0.3; 95% CI, 0.2\u20130.5)), and significantly interacted with having \u22653 ACEs for three risk factors among women (not knowing a partner\u2019s HIV status, infrequently using condoms, and ever having an STI) and one among men (having multiple sexual partners in the past year). The other PCEs were significantly associated with \u22641 HIV risk factor and had no significant interaction terms. Strong father\u2013child relationships may reduce HIV acquisition risk and mitigate the effect of childhood adversity on HIV risk among young adults in Namibia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20146376","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,17]],"date-time":"2023-07-17T01:06:36Z","timestamp":1689555996000},"page":"6376","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Strong Father\u2013Child Relationships and Other Positive Childhood Experiences, Adverse Childhood Experiences, and Sexual Risk Factors for HIV among Young Adults Aged 19\u201324 Years, Namibia, 2019: A Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2641-4888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nickolas T.","family":"Agathis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA"},{"name":"Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francis B.","family":"Annor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Likang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Swedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Chiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Coomer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Global HIV and TB, Global Health Center, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Private Bag, Windhoek 12029, Namibia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Hegle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Global HIV and TB, Global Health Center, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pragna","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Global HIV and TB, Global Health Center, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norbert","family":"Forster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Training and Education Center for Health, Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabrielle","family":"O\u2019Malley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Training and Education Center for Health, Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison L.","family":"Ensminger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Training and Education Center for Health, Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rahimisa","family":"Kamuingona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Gender Equality, Poverty Eradication, and Social Welfare, Private Bag, Windhoek 13359, Namibia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helena","family":"Andjamba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Gender Equality, Poverty Eradication, and Social Welfare, Private Bag, Windhoek 13359, Namibia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brigitte","family":"Nshimyimana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Gender Equality, Poverty Eradication, and Social Welfare, Private Bag, Windhoek 13359, 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