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Studies with a design having two different cohorts were searched and selected to distinguish the effect due to long-term involvement (i.e., athletes vs. non-active young with good bone health) and due to the planning of intervention (i.e., pre- vs. post-training) with exercises and sports. Moreover, only studies investigating the bone sites with a body-weight support function (i.e., lower limb, hip, and spine regions) were reviewed, since the osteogenic effects have incongruous results. A meta-analysis was performed following the recommendations of PRISMA. Heterogeneity (I2) was determined by combining Cochran\u2019s Q test with the Higgins test, with a significance level of \u03b1 = 0.05. The studies reporting the effect of involvement in exercise and sports showed high heterogeneity for the lower limb, total hip, and spine (I2 = 90.200%, 93.334%, and 95.168%, respectively, with p &lt; 0.01) and the effect size on sports modalities (Hedge\u2019s g = 1.529, 1.652, and 0.417, respectively, with p &lt; 0.05) ranging from moderate to high. In turn, the studies reporting the effect of the intervention planning showed that there was no heterogeneity for the lower limb (I2 = 0.000%, p = 0.999) and spine (I2 = 77.863%, p = 0.000); however, for the hip, it was moderate (I2 = 49.432%, p = 0.054), with a low effect between the pre- and post-training moments presented only for the hip and spine (Hedge\u2019s g = 0.313 and 0.353, respectively, with p &lt; 0.05). The current analysis supported the effect of involvement in exercise and sports by evidencing the effect of either weight-bearing or non-weight-bearing movements on BMD at the femoral, pelvic, and lumbar bones sites of the athletes when comparing to non-athletes or non-active peers with healthy bones. Moreover, the effect of different exercise and sports interventions highlighted the alterations in the BMD in the spine bone sites, mainly with long-term protocols (~12 months) planned with a stimulus with high muscle tension. Therefore, exercise and sport (mainly systematic long-term practice) have the potential to increase the BMD of bones with body-weight support beyond the healthy values reached during life phases of youth and adulthood.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20156537","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,7]],"date-time":"2023-08-07T06:38:48Z","timestamp":1691390328000},"page":"6537","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Effects of Exercise and Sports Intervention and the Involvement Level on the Mineral Health of Different Bone Sites in the Leg, Hip, and Spine: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5878-9591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thiago P.","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Programme in Human Development and Technology, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro 13506-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4524-4784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e1rio C.","family":"Espada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Set\u00fabal, Escola Superior de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o, 2914-504 Set\u00fabal, Portugal"},{"name":"Life Quality Research Centre (LQRC-CIEQV, Leiria), Complexo Andaluz, Apartado, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal"},{"name":"CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002 Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1088-0040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danilo A.","family":"Massini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Programme in Human Development and Technology, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro 13506-900, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Physical Education, School of Sciences (FC), S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru 17033-360, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricardo A. M.","family":"Robalo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Set\u00fabal, Escola Superior de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o, 2914-504 Set\u00fabal, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002 Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8558-8509","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiago A. F.","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Programme in Human Development and Technology, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro 13506-900, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Physical Education, School of Sciences (FC), S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru 17033-360, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7449-5734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V\u00edctor","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Beltr\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group in Optimization of Training and Performance Sports, Faculty of Sport Science, University of Extremadura, 10005 C\u00e1ceres, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2444-1535","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 M.","family":"Gamonales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group in Optimization of Training and Performance Sports, Faculty of Sport Science, University of Extremadura, 10005 C\u00e1ceres, Spain"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Francisco de Vitoria, 28223 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eliane A.","family":"Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Programme in Human Development and Technology, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro 13506-900, Brazil"},{"name":"LFE Research Group, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid (UPM), 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3975-9260","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dalton M.","family":"Pess\u00f4a Filho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Programme in Human Development and Technology, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro 13506-900, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Physical Education, School of Sciences (FC), S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru 17033-360, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200636070-00002","article-title":"How Does Exercise Affect Bone Development during Growth?","volume":"36","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.11005\/jbm.2019.26.4.225","article-title":"Position Statement: Exercise Guidelines to Increase Peak Bone Mass in Adolescents","volume":"26","author":"Min","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. 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