{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T17:39:47Z","timestamp":1789753187385,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,9]],"date-time":"2023-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691539200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Horizon Europe Research and Innovation program","award":["101057527"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101057527"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The designs of in vivo, in vitro and in silico studies do not adequately reflect the characteristics of long-term occupational EMF exposure; the higher exposure levels permitted for employees are nevertheless extrapolated on this basis. Epidemiological studies consider occupational exposure only in a very general way, if at all. There is a lack of detailed descriptive data on long-term occupational exposure over the duration of the working life. Most studies reflect exposure characteristics of the general population, exposures which are long-term, but at a comparably low level. Occupational exposure is often intermittent with high peak power followed by periods with no exposure. Furthermore, the EU EMF-Directive 2013\/35\/EU states a demand for occupational health surveillance, the outcome of which would be of great help to epidemiologists studying the health effects of EMF exposure. This paper thus aims to outline and specify differences between public and occupational exposure and to increase the understanding of specific aspects of occupational exposure which are important for long-term health considerations. This could lead to a future protection concept against possible hazards based on adequate descriptions of long-term exposures and also include supplementary descriptive features such as a \u201creset time\u201d of biological systems and accurate dose quantities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20166552","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,9]],"date-time":"2023-08-09T10:30:48Z","timestamp":1691577048000},"page":"6552","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Occupational Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields\u2014Different from General Public Exposure and Laboratory Studies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Kjell","family":"Hansson Mild","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Sciences, Radiation Physics, Ume\u00e5 University, 90187 Ume\u00e5, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9525-2627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mats-Olof","family":"Mattsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SciProof International AB, 83158 \u00d6stersund, Sweden"},{"name":"Institute of Advanced Studies, Str\u00f6mstad Academy, 45280 Str\u00f6mstad, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7853-3534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Jeschke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 44194 Dortmund, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4041-3518","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michel","family":"Israel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre of Public Health and Analyses, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mihaela","family":"Ivanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre of Public Health and Analyses, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tsvetelina","family":"Shalamanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre of Public Health and Analyses, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) (2020). 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