{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T22:51:38Z","timestamp":1780354298009,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,19]],"date-time":"2023-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692403200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Health Sciences Center Prisma Health Transformative Research Seed Grant Award"},{"name":"Prisma Health Addiction Medicine Center"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>People on buprenorphine maintenance treatment (BMT) commonly present cognitive deficits that have been associated with illicit drug use and dropout from buprenorphine treatment. This study has compared cognitive responses to the Stroop Task and the Continuous Performance Task (CPT) among individuals on BMT, with recent drug use, and healthy controls and explored the associations between cognitive responses and drug use, craving, and buprenorphine use among participants on BMT. The participants were 16 individuals on BMT and 23 healthy controls. All participants completed a 60 min laboratory session in which they completed the Stroop Task and the CPT, a saliva drug test, a brief clinical history that collected substance-use- and treatment-related information, and the Opioid Craving Scale. The results showed that the BMT participants presented more commission errors (MBMT participants = 2.49; Mhealthy controls = 1.38; p = 0.048) and longer reaction times (MBMT participants = 798.09; Mhealthy controls = 699.09; p = 0.047) in the Stroop Task than did the healthy controls. More days on buprenorphine were negatively associated with reaction time in the CPT (\u22120.52) and the number of commission errors (\u22120.53), simple reaction time (\u22120.54), and reaction time correct (\u22120.57) in the Stroop Task. Neither drug use nor craving was significantly associated with the results for the cognitive tasks. Relative to the control participants, the BMT individuals performed worse in terms of longer reaction times and more commission errors in the Stroop Task. Within the BMT participants, longer times on buprenorphine were associated with better cognitive results in terms of faster reaction times for both tasks and lower commission errors for the Stroop Task.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20166610","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,21]],"date-time":"2023-08-21T01:46:56Z","timestamp":1692582416000},"page":"6610","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Preliminary Evidence of the Association between Time on Buprenorphine and Cognitive Performance among Individuals with Opioid Use Disorder Maintained on Buprenorphine: A Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5814-0397","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irene","family":"Pericot-Valverde","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, College of Behavioral, Social, and Health Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA"},{"name":"School of Health Research, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3935-3108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaileigh A.","family":"Byrne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, College of Behavioral, Social, and Health Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA"},{"name":"School of Health Research, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erik G.","family":"Ortiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Addiction Medicine Center, Prisma Health, Greenville, SC 29601, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, College of Behavioral, Social, and Health Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ethan","family":"Hammond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, College of Behavioral, Social, and Health Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shadi","family":"Nahvi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine\/Montefiore Medical Center, New York, NY 10461, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6418-4863","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James F.","family":"Thrasher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laksika B.","family":"Sivaraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Addiction Medicine Center, Prisma Health, Greenville, SC 29601, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Greenville, SC 29209, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sam","family":"Cumby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Greenville, SC 29209, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eli","family":"Goodwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Greenville, SC 29209, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashley C.","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Addiction Medicine Center, Prisma Health, Greenville, SC 29601, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Arnsten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine\/Montefiore Medical Center, New York, NY 10461, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5171-0833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergio","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Artamendi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Universidad Loyola, 41704 Sevilla, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7711-1209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moonseong","family":"Heo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alain H.","family":"Litwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, College of Behavioral, Social, and Health Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA"},{"name":"School of Health Research, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA"},{"name":"Addiction Medicine Center, Prisma Health, Greenville, SC 29601, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Greenville, SC 29209, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-090419-102727","article-title":"A Critical Review of the Social and Behavioral Contributions to the Overdose Epidemic","volume":"42","author":"Krawczyk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Annu. 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