{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T18:38:46Z","timestamp":1793126326609,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,15]],"date-time":"2023-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694736000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008899","name":"University of South Carolina, the Office of the Vice President for Research Advanced Support for Innovative Research Excellence I: Innovation Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["80004413"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["80004413"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008899","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This scoping review aimed to identify predisposing, enabling, and need factors associated with the use of mental health services, including psychotropic medications, among children in out-of-home care in the United States. We searched the PsycInfo, SocINDEX, Medline, and Scopus databases, and 22 studies met inclusion criteria and were systematically analyzed. Among the included studies, 7 studies examined predictors associated with taking psychotropic medications, and 16 examined factors associated with using other mental health services. Significant predisposing, enabling, and need factors associated with greater use of mental health services, including psychotropic medications, were identified. The most frequently identified predisposing factors were child race\/ethnicity, age, gender, and maltreatment. Important enabling factors were out-of-home placement type and length of care, and need factors included children\u2019s mental\/behavioral problems. The results provide insight into maximizing factors facilitating children\u2019s use of mental health services to address mental health problems of children in out-of-home care. Further, the results imply the importance of the appropriate use of psychotropic medication (e.g., the type and dosage of medications) among children in out-of-home care. The identified factors can inform child welfare agencies and stakeholders on ways to improve access to mental health services and the appropriate use of psychotropic medications among children in out-of-home care in the United States.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20186769","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,17]],"date-time":"2023-09-17T23:57:46Z","timestamp":1694995066000},"page":"6769","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Predisposing, Enabling, and Need Factors Associated with Psychotropic Medication and Mental Health Service Use among Children in Out-of-Home Care in the United States: A Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8489-240X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanfeng","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Social Work, University of South Carolina, 1512 Pendleton St., Columbia, SC 29208, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9244-9803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew M.","family":"Winters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kent School of Social Work and Family Science, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nel\u00eds","family":"Soto-Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Child and Family Studies, College of Social Work, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"McCarthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gail","family":"Betz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6852-8889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meirong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Social Work, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Child Welfare Information Gateway (2023, September 10). 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