{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T23:41:08Z","timestamp":1782862868283,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,2]],"date-time":"2024-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706832000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Australian National Health and Medical Research Council","award":["APP1046219 2013-2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP1046219 2013-2017"]}]},{"name":"Australian National Health and Medical Research Council","award":["APP144595 2018-2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP144595 2018-2022"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Foods and beverages high in free sugars can displace healthier choices and increase the risk of weight gain, dental caries, and noncommunicable diseases. Little is known about the intake of free sugars across early childhood. This study aimed to examine the longitudinal intake from 1 to 5 years of free sugars and identify the independent maternal and child-related predictors of intake in a cohort of Australian children participating in the Study of Mothers\u2019 and Infants\u2019 Life Events Affecting Oral Health (SMILE). Free sugars intake (FSI) was previously estimated at 1, 2, and 5 years of age, and three distinct FSI trajectories were determined using group-based trajectory modelling analysis. This study utilized multinomial logistic regression to identify the maternal and child-related predictors of the trajectories. The risk of following the \u2018high and increasing\u2019 trajectory of FSI compared to the \u2018low and fast increasing\u2019 trajectory was inversely associated with socio-economic disadvantage (aRRR 0.83; 95% CI 0.75\u20130.92; p &lt; 0.001), lower for females (aRRR 0.56; 95% CI 0.32\u20130.98; p = 0.042), and higher in children with two or more older siblings at birth (aRRR 2.32; 95% CI 0.99\u20135.42; p = 0.052). Differences in trajectories of FSI were evident from an early age and a high trajectory of FSI was associated primarily with socio-economic disadvantage, providing another example of diet quality following a social gradient.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph21020174","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,2]],"date-time":"2024-02-02T09:24:08Z","timestamp":1706865848000},"page":"174","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Predictors of Free Sugars Intake Trajectories across Early Childhood\u2014Results from the SMILE Birth Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Lucinda K.","family":"Bell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Caring Futures Institute, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5896-9661","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huy V.","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Innovation and Transformation Centre, Federation University Australia, Mt. Helen, VIC 3353, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, The University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diep H.","family":"Ha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gemma","family":"Devenish-Coleman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6907, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5197-7987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca K.","family":"Golley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Caring Futures Institute, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3684-9949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Loc G.","family":"Do","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0765-9054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jane A.","family":"Scott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6907, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20173716","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2017-3716","article-title":"Advocacy for Improving Nutrition in the First 1000 Days to Support Childhood Development and Adult Health","volume":"141","author":"Schwarzenberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0000000000000554","article-title":"Early influencing factors on the development of sensory and food preferences","volume":"22","author":"Nicklaus","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. 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