{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T14:32:03Z","timestamp":1779114723736,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,12]],"date-time":"2024-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707696000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Psychiatric emergencies have increased in recent decades, particularly with the onset of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, and far too little is known about the backgrounds of these emergencies. In this study, we investigated the extent to which the number of psychiatric emergencies changed during and in the aftermath of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic at the Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (CAP) T\u00fcbingen. We considered age and psychiatric diagnoses. Additionally, we evaluated the backgrounds of the emergencies. We applied a mixed- (quantitative and qualitative) methods approach to data on emergency presentations at the CAP T\u00fcbingen from the pre-SARS-CoV-2 pandemic period (October 2019\u2013January 2020) to Restriction Phase 1 (October 2020\u2013January 2021), Restriction Phase 2 (October 2021\u2013January 2022), and endemic phase (October 2022\u2013January 2023). The total number of emergencies and those with eating disorders and affective disorders increased, while obsessive\u2013compulsive disorders, expansive disorders and anxiety disorders decreased. The patients presenting in the pre-SARS-CoV-2 pandemic period were younger than those in the subsequent periods. We content-coded the reasons behind the emergency presentations. We also identified four areas of stressors and personality characteristics associated with the emergency presentations. In light of the increasing number of psychiatric emergencies, the long-term aim should be to meet the growing demands and create options for prevention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph21020216","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,12]],"date-time":"2024-02-12T11:30:12Z","timestamp":1707737412000},"page":"216","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["SARS-CoV-2 and Adolescent Psychiatric Emergencies at the T\u00fcbingen University Hospital: Analyzing Trends, Diagnoses, and Contributing Factors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Priska S.","family":"Schneider","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Mental Health (DZPG) Partner Site, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Pantis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Mental Health (DZPG) Partner Site, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5549-6336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christine","family":"Preiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Occupational and Social Medicine and Health Services Research, University Hospital, 72074 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"},{"name":"Centre for Public Health and Health Services Research, University Hospital T\u00fcbingen, 72016 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Hagmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Mental Health (DZPG) Partner Site, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gottfried M.","family":"Barth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Mental Health (DZPG) Partner Site, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2151-9480","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tobias J.","family":"Renner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Mental Health (DZPG) Partner Site, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"},{"name":"LEAD Graduate School and Research Network, University T\u00fcbingen, 72072 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3826-9991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katharina","family":"Allgaier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Mental Health (DZPG) Partner Site, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"},{"name":"LEAD Graduate School and Research Network, University T\u00fcbingen, 72072 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Widnall, E., Adams, E.A., Plackett, R., Winstone, L., Haworth, C.M.A., Mars, B., and Kidger, J. (2022). Adolescent experiences of the COVID-19 pandemic and school closures and implications for mental health, peer relationships and learning: A qualitative study in south-west England. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19127163"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2021.10.004","article-title":"Results of the COVID-19 mental health international for the general population (COMET-G) study","volume":"54","author":"Fountoulakis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1111\/camh.12501","article-title":"Review: Mental health impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on children and youth\u2014A systematic review","volume":"27","author":"Samji","year":"2022","journal-title":"Child Adolesc. Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(21)00089-4","article-title":"Clinical and social factors associated with involuntary psychiatric hospitalisation in children and adolescents: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and narrative synthesis","volume":"5","author":"Walker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/S0377-1237(04)80162-X","article-title":"Psychiatric emergencies","volume":"60","author":"Sudarsanan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Med. J. Armed Forces India"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1024\/1422-4917\/a000859","article-title":"Entwicklung der Charakteristika von Notaufnahmen in der Kinder-und Jugendpsychiatrie","volume":"50","author":"Hagmann","year":"2022","journal-title":"Z. Kinder Jugendpsychiatr. Psychother."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1024\/1422-4917\/a000858","article-title":"Kinder-und jugendpsychiatrische Notf\u00e4lle w\u00e4hrend der zweiten Welle der SARS-CoV2-19-Pandemie","volume":"50","author":"Allgaier","year":"2022","journal-title":"Z. Kinder Jugendpsychiatr. Psychother."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-021-01856-w","article-title":"The impact of COVID-19 lockdown on child and adolescent mental health: Systematic review","volume":"32","author":"Panchal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2022.11.016","article-title":"Self-harm in children and adolescents who presented at emergency units during the COVID-19 pandemic: An international retrospective cohort study","volume":"62","author":"Wong","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1026\/1616-3443\/a000574","article-title":"Die COVID-19-Pandemie als Herausforderung f\u00fcr die psychische Gesundheit","volume":"49","author":"Brakemeier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Z. Klin. Psychol. Psychother."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13034-020-00329-3","article-title":"Challenges and burden of the Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic for child and adolescent mental health: A narrative review to highlight clinical and research needs in the acute phase and the long return to normality","volume":"14","author":"Fegert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Child Adolesc. Psychiatry Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.22381\/LPI1920208","article-title":"Scaring ourselves to death in the time of COVID-19: Pandemic awareness, virus anxiety, and contagious fear","volume":"19","author":"Horak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Linguist. Philos. Investig."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"(2023, November 28). Corona-R\u00fcckblick 2022, 2021 und 2020. Available online: https:\/\/www.gew-bw.de\/aktuelles\/detailseite\/corona-rueckblick-2020."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"591","article-title":"Psychische Gesundheit und Social Media-Nutzungsverhalten von Jugendlichen und jungen Erwachsenen w\u00e4hrend der COVID-19-Pandemie","volume":"72","author":"Laczkovics","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prax. Kinderpsychol. Kinderpsychiatr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tri Sakti, A.M., Mohd Ajis, S.Z., Azlan, A.A., Kim, H.J., Wong, E., and Mohamad, E. (2022). Impact of COVID-19 on school populations and associated factors: A systematic review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19074024"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1177\/00099228231174772","article-title":"School Absenteeism and the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Role of Pediatricians","volume":"63","author":"Vidal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"1","article-title":"Outpatient emergency admissions to a child and adolescent psychiatry hospital, and following immediate hospitalization","volume":"16","author":"Ruth","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ger. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00979","article-title":"Emergency presentations to child and adolescent psychiatry: Nonsuicidal self-injury and suicidality","volume":"10","author":"Franzen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1111\/camh.12411","article-title":"Debate: Emergency mental health presentations of young people during the COVID-19 lockdown","volume":"25","author":"Ougrin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Child Adolesc. Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/s40211-021-00389-7","article-title":"Akutversorgung psychisch kranker Kinder und Jugendlicher: Eine Pilotstudie an 257 PatientInnen","volume":"35","author":"Eichinger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatrie"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115080","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115080","article-title":"A retrospective cohort study comparing the social, familial and clinical characteristics of adolescents admitted to a French emergency department in suicidal crisis before and during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"321","author":"Lauwerie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"A10200785","article-title":"Demographic trends in a paediatric psychiatric emergency room in Copenhagen","volume":"68","author":"Victor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dan. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Fegert, J.M., K\u00f6lch, M., and Kr\u00fcger, U. (2024, January 24). Versorgung Psychisch Kranker Kinder und Jugendlicher in Deutschland\u2014Bestandsaufnahme und Bedarfsanalyse. Available online: https:\/\/www.apk-ev.de\/fileadmin\/downloads\/Abschlussbericht_Versorgung_psychisch_kranke_Kinder_u_Jugendliche.pdf."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.13109\/prkk.2017.66.1.5","article-title":"Krisenintervention in einer Versorgungsklinik f\u00fcr Kinder-und Jugendpsychiatrie","volume":"66","author":"Burchard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prax. Kinderpsychol. Kinderpsychiatr."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1177\/0706743715621254","article-title":"Mental health service use among children and youth in Ontario: Population-based trends over time","volume":"61","author":"Gandhi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Can. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1097\/PEC.0000000000000343","article-title":"Mental health utilization in a pediatric emergency department","volume":"31","author":"Sheridan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr. Emerg. Care"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1007\/s40211-022-00423-2","article-title":"Station\u00e4re Versorgungskapazit\u00e4ten in der Kinder-und Jugendpsychiatrie\u2013Zunahme der Akutaufnahmen w\u00e4hrend der COVID-19 Pandemie?","volume":"37","author":"Sevecke","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatrie"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1024\/1422-4917\/a000918","article-title":"Die COVID-19-Pandemie und seelische Gesundheit bei Minderj\u00e4hrigen: Herausforderungen f\u00fcr die Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und -psychotherapie","volume":"51","author":"Holtmann","year":"2023","journal-title":"Z. Kinder Jugendpsychiatr. Psychother."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.3109\/08039488.2013.846410","article-title":"Children and adolescents in the Psychiatric Emergency Department: A 10-year survey in Copenhagen County","volume":"68","author":"Klahn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nord. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2022058198","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2022-058198","article-title":"Emergency Department Visits and Hospitalizations for Eating Disorders During the COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"151","author":"Milliren","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806872","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.806872","article-title":"Obsessive-compulsive disorder during the COVID-19 pandemic\u2014A systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Linde","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673161","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.673161","article-title":"Narrative review of COVID-19 impact on obsessive-compulsive disorder in child, adolescent and adult clinical populations","volume":"12","author":"Zaccari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31960","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.20m13467","article-title":"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on child and adolescent psychiatric emergencies","volume":"82","author":"Davico","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferro, V., Averna, R., Murciano, M., Raucci, U., Cristaldi, S., Musolino, A.M.C., Pontillo, M., Della Vecchia, N., Labonia, M., and Pisani, M. (2023). Has Anything Changed in the Frequency of Emergency Department Visits and the Profile of the Adolescent Seeking Emergency Mental Care during the COVID-19 Pandemic?. Children, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/children10030578"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acap.2022.05.022","article-title":"Mental health emergency department visits by children before and during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"22","author":"Shankar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acad. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2020.05.009","article-title":"Rapid systematic review: The impact of social isolation and loneliness on the mental health of children and adolescents in the context of COVID-19","volume":"59","author":"Loades","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.06.021","article-title":"Prevalence of mental health problems among children and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"293","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1177\/1039856220960673","article-title":"Emergency department mental health presentations before and during the COVID-19 outbreak in Western Australia","volume":"28","author":"Dragovic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Australas. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2021.07.036","article-title":"Mental Health\u2013related emergency department visits in adolescents before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: A multicentric retrospective study","volume":"69","author":"Chadi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.10.029","article-title":"Psychiatric emergencies during the height of the COVID-19 pandemic in the suburban New York City area","volume":"136","author":"Ferrando","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487200","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.487200","article-title":"Stressful Life Events in Different Social Contexts Are Associated With Self-Injury From Early Adolescence to Early Adulthood","volume":"11","author":"Steinhoff","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lohaus, A. (2018). Entwicklungspsychologie des Jugendalters, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-55792-1"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-019-01327-3","article-title":"School absenteeism as a risk factor for self-harm and suicidal ideation in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"29","author":"Epstein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1024\/1422-4917.31.4.293","article-title":"Lebensqualit\u00e4t bei psychisch kranken Kindern und Jugendlichen. Ergebnisse der ersten multizentrischen Studie mit dem Inventar zur Erfassung der Lebensqualit\u00e4t bei Kindern und Jugendlichen (ILK) [Quality of life of children and adolescents with psychiatric disorders. Results of the 1st multicenter study with an inventory to assess the quality of life in children and adolescents]","volume":"31","author":"Mattejat","year":"2003","journal-title":"Z. Kinder Jugendpsychiatr. Psychother."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1021252812882","article-title":"An introduction to the multidimensional students\u2019 life satisfaction scale","volume":"60","author":"Huebner","year":"2002","journal-title":"Soc. Indic. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-018-01270-9","article-title":"Psychosocial risk factors for suicidality in children and adolescents","volume":"29","author":"Carballo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.23704","article-title":"The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on eating disorders: A systematic review","volume":"56","author":"Devoe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1007\/s10488-013-0528-y","article-title":"Purposeful sampling for qualitative data collection and analysis in mixed method implementation research","volume":"42","author":"Palinkas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adm. Policy Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"(2023, November 30). The R Project for Statistical Computing. Available online: https:\/\/www.r-project.org\/."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Girden, E.R. (1992). ANOVA: Repeated Measures, Sage.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781412983419"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1080\/14786440009463897","article-title":"On the criterion that a given system of deviations from the probable in the case of a correlated system of variables is such that it can be reasonably supposed to have arisen from random sampling","volume":"50","author":"Pearson","year":"1990","journal-title":"Lond. Edinb. Dublin Philos. Mag. J. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Fisher, R.A. (1934). Statistical Methods for Research Workers, Oliver & Boyd. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114523","article-title":"Sample sizes for saturation in qualitative research: A systematic review of empirical tests","volume":"292","author":"Hennink","year":"2022","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1893","DOI":"10.1007\/s11135-017-0574-8","article-title":"Saturation in qualitative research: Exploring its conceptualization and operationalization","volume":"52","author":"Saunders","year":"2018","journal-title":"Qual. Quant."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Kukartz, U., and R\u00e4diker, S. (2022). Qualitative Inhaltsanalyse: Methoden, Praxis, Computerunterst\u00fctzung, Beltz Juventa."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaiser, G., and Presmeg, N. (2019). Compendium for Early Career Researchers in Mathematics Education ICME-13 Monographs, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-15636-7"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuckartz, U. (2014). Mixed Methods: Methodologie, Forschungsdesigns und Analyseverfahren, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-531-93267-5"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ellis, P.D. (2010). The Essential Guide to Effect Sizes: Statistical Power, Meta-Analysis, and the Interpretation of Research Results, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511761676"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeigler-Hill, V., and Shackelford, T.K. (2020). Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-24612-3"},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"1","article-title":"Temperament and personality","volume":"Volume 3","author":"Lamb","year":"2015","journal-title":"Handbook of Child Psychology and Developmental Science"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Flik, L., Schneider, P., Pantis, M., Hagmann, D., Allgaier, K., Barth, G., D\u00fcrrw\u00e4chter, U., Conzelmann, A., and Renner, T. (2023, January 18\u201321). Emergencies of children and adolescents with AD(H)D before and during the SARS-CoV2-19 Pandemic: Is there a change?. Proceedings of the 9th World Congress on ADHD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph21020216"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/21\/2\/216\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T13:59:00Z","timestamp":1760104740000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/21\/2\/216"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,12]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph21020216"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph21020216","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,12]]}}}