{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T19:59:35Z","timestamp":1793735975577,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,16]],"date-time":"2024-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708041600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Trauma-informed care (TIC) is a comprehensive approach that focuses on the whole individual. It acknowledges the experiences and symptoms of trauma and their impact on health. TIC prioritizes physical and emotional safety through a relationship of trust that supports patient choice and empowerment. It provides a safe and respectful healing environment that considers specific needs while promoting a greater sense of well-being, patient engagement, and partnership in the treatment process. Given the prevalence of trauma, this descriptive cross-sectional study examined the attitudes and perspectives of U.S. physicians (N = 179; 67% males; 84% White; 43% aged 56\u201365) in providing trauma-informed care using an anonymous 29-item online survey administered by Reaction Data. Findings showed that 16% (n = 18) of physicians estimated that &gt;50% of their patients have a history of trauma. Commonly perceived barriers to providing TIC were resource\/time\/administrative constraints, provider stress, limited awareness of the right provider to refer patients who experienced trauma, and inadequate TIC emphasis in medical education\/training. Expanding physicians\u2019 knowledge base of trauma through training and organizational policy\/support is crucial in enhancing their TIC competence, particularly in caring for patients with complex care needs whose social determinants increase their risk of exposure to adverse experiences that carry lasting physical and psychological effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph21020232","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,16]],"date-time":"2024-02-16T03:37:27Z","timestamp":1708054647000},"page":"232","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["U.S. Physicians\u2019 Training and Experience in Providing Trauma-Informed Care in Clinical Settings"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9821-6755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. Lelinneth B.","family":"Novilla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, College of Life Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84604, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaitlyn Tan","family":"Bird","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, College of Life Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84604, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carl L.","family":"Hanson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, College of Life Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84604, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6547-1378","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"AliceAnn","family":"Crandall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, College of Life Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84604, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ella Gaskin","family":"Cook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, College of Life Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84604, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oluwadamilola","family":"Obalana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, College of Life Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84604, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lexi Athena","family":"Brady","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, College of Life Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84604, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hunter","family":"Frierichs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, College of Life Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84604, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"United States Department of Veteran Affairs (2023, June 12). PTSD: National Center for PTSD. Updated 3 February 2023, Available online: https:\/\/www.ptsd.va.gov\/understand\/common\/common_adults.asp."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291715001981","article-title":"The epidemiology of traumatic event exposure worldwide: Results from the World Mental Health Survey Consortium","volume":"46","author":"Benjet","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2023, June 12). Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs), Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/violenceprevention\/aces\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104644","article-title":"The influence of adverse and advantageous childhood experiences during adolescence on young adult health","volume":"108","author":"Crandall","year":"2020","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Read, S., and Grundy, E. (2012). Allostatic Load-a Challenge to Measure Multisystem Physiological Dysregulation, National Center for Research Methods (NCRM). Available online: http:\/\/eprints.ncrm.ac.uk\/2879\/1\/NCRM_workingpaper_0412.pdf."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2259","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1997.00440400111013","article-title":"Price of adaptation\u2014Allostatic load and its health consequences: MacArthur studies of successful aging","volume":"157","author":"Seeman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1998.tb09546.x","article-title":"Stress, adaptation, and disease: Allostasis and allostatic load","volume":"840","author":"McEwen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e356","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(17)30118-4","article-title":"The effect of multiple adverse childhood experiences on health: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2","author":"Hughes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Menschner, C., and Maul, A. (2016). Key Ingredients for Successful Trauma-Informed Care Implementation, Center for Health Care Strategies, Inc."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"(2024, February 02). Online Etymology Dictionary. Trauma. Available online: https:\/\/www.etymonline.com\/word\/trauma."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"CRPBD-100006","article-title":"Psychological trauma: Definition, clinical contexts, neural correlations and therapeutic approaches, recent discoveries","volume":"2019","author":"Perotta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Res. Psychiatry Brain Disord."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135175","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2017.1351757","article-title":"Psychotraumatology in Greece","volume":"8","author":"Kolaitis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Psychotraumatol."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"SAMHSA (2023, June 12). National Registry of Evidence-Based Programs and practices (NREPP). Behind the Term: Trauma, Available online: https:\/\/calswec.berkeley.edu\/sites\/default\/files\/4-3_behind_the_term_trauma.pdf."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (2022, June 23). Trauma-Informed Care, Available online: https:\/\/www.ahrq.gov\/ncepcr\/tools\/healthier-pregnancy\/fact-sheets\/trauma.html."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1097\/FCH.0000000000000071","article-title":"Trauma informed care in medicine: Current knowledge and future research directions","volume":"38","author":"Raja","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fam. Community Health"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (2014). SAMHSA\u2019s Concept of Trauma and Guidance for a Trauma-Informed Approach."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2023, June 27). DSM-5-TR Update: Supplement to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision. Available online: https:\/\/www.psychiatry.org\/psychiatrists\/practice\/dsm\/updates-to-dsm\/updates-to-dsm-5-tr-criteria-text."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Barnhill, J.W., and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) (2023, June 27). Merck Manual. Updated September 2022. Available online: https:\/\/www.merckmanuals.com\/professional\/psychiatric-disorders\/anxiety-and-stressor-related-disorders\/posttraumatic-stress-disorder-ptsd."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1037\/trm0000169","article-title":"Trauma or adversity?","volume":"25","author":"Krupnik","year":"2019","journal-title":"Traumatology"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"International Society for the Study of Trauma and Dissociation (ISSTD) (2024, February 03). Fact Sheet on Trauma and Complex Trauma: An Overview. Available online: https:\/\/www.isst-d.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Fact-Sheet-I-Trauma-and-Complex-Trauma_-An-Overview-1.pdf."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"(2024, February 03). The National Child Traumatic Stress Network. Complex Trauma. Available online: https:\/\/www.nctsn.org\/what-is-child-trauma\/trauma-types\/complex-trauma."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1177\/0306624X99432007","article-title":"Type III trauma: Toward a more effective conceptualization of psychological trauma","volume":"43","author":"Solomon","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Offender Ther. Comp. Criminol."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (2024, February 03). A Treatment Improvement Protocol: Trauma-Informed Care in Behavioral Health Services, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK207201\/."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (2024, February 03). Types of Trauma and Violence, Available online: https:\/\/www.samhsa.gov\/trauma-violence\/types."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2011.628913","article-title":"Historical trauma among indigenous peoples of the Americas: Concepts, research, and clinical considerations","volume":"43","author":"Chase","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Psychoact. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.01248","article-title":"Trauma or drama: A predictive processing perspective on the continuum of stress","volume":"11","author":"Krupnik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gold, S.N. (2017). APA Handbook of Trauma Psychology: Foundations in Knowledge, American Psychological Association.","DOI":"10.1037\/0000019-000"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Shapiro, F. (2017). Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) Therapy: Basic Principles, Protocols and Procedures, Guilford Press. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2015.1110823","article-title":"Future directions in childhood adversity and youth psychopathology","volume":"45","author":"McLaughlin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Child Adolesc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00451","article-title":"Trauma and public mental health: A focused review","volume":"10","author":"Kleber","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Freud, S., and Strachey, J. (1961). Beyond the Pleasure Principle, Liveright Publishing Corporation."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Barnhill, J.W. (2023, June 27). Acute Stress Disorder. Merck Manual. Available online: https:\/\/www.merckmanuals.com\/professional\/psychiatric-disorders\/anxiety-and-stressor-related-disorders\/acute-stress-disorder."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, and National Institute of Mental Health (2024, February 02). Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Available online: https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/health\/publications\/post-traumatic-stress-disorder-ptsd\/post-traumatic-stress-disorder_1.pdf."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.02.058","article-title":"Genetic approaches for the study of PTSD: Advances and challenges","volume":"649","author":"Banerjee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735870","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.735870","article-title":"Protective factors associated with post-traumatic outcomes in individuals with experiences of psychosis","volume":"12","author":"Campodonico","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2012.02620.x","article-title":"Psychosocial adjustment and mental health in former child soldiers\u2014Systematic review of the literature and recommendations for future research","volume":"54","author":"Betancourt","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Child. Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s40653-015-0051-2","article-title":"Understanding the impact of natural disasters on psychological outcomes in youth from mainland China: A meta-analysis of risk and protective factors for posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms","volume":"11","author":"Yao","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Child Adolesc. Trauma"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1037\/trm0000136","article-title":"Psychopathology, risk, and resilience under exposure to continuous traumatic stress: A systematic review of studies among adults living in southern Israel","volume":"24","author":"Greene","year":"2018","journal-title":"Traumatology"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.2147\/CWCMR.S94618","article-title":"The role of resilience in the recovery of the burn-injured patient: An integrative review","volume":"3","author":"Kornhaber","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chron. Wound Care Manag. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00230","article-title":"A systematic review of amenable resilience factors that moderate and\/or mediate the relationship between childhood adversity and mental health in young people","volume":"9","author":"Fritz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1111\/papt.12181","article-title":"The links between adult attachment and post-traumatic stress: A systematic review","volume":"92","author":"Barazzone","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychol. Psychother. Theory Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1111\/papt.12185","article-title":"Conceptualizing resilience in adult mental health literature: A systematic review and narrative synthesis","volume":"92","author":"Ayed","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychol. Psychotherapy Theory Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327965pli1501_01","article-title":"Posttraumatic growth: Conceptual foundations and empirical evidence","volume":"15","author":"Tedeschi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychol. Inq."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/S1056-4993(03)00003-8","article-title":"The neurobiology of childhood trauma and abuse","volume":"12","year":"2003","journal-title":"Child Adolesc. Psychiatr. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Courtois, C.A., and Ford, J.D. (2009). Treating Complex Traumatic Stress Disorders: An Evidence-Based Guide, Guilford Press. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4475114","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/4475114","article-title":"Trauma-informed approaches in primary healthcare and community mental healthcare: A mixed methods systematic review of organisational change interventions","volume":"2023","author":"Lewis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Health Soc. Care Community"},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Center for Health Care Strategies (2022, May 04). What is Trauma-Informed Care? Trauma-Informed Care Implementation Resource Center. Available online: https:\/\/www.traumainformedcare.chcs.org\/what-is-trauma-informed-care\/."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gerber, M. (2019). Trauma-Informed Healthcare Approaches, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-04342-1"},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Center for Health Care Strategies (2023, June 12). Talking About Complex Care: A Guide for Clear and Effective Communications. Available online: https:\/\/www.chcs.org\/media\/Talking-About-Complex-Care-Guide_022322.pdf."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"97","article-title":"Practice-Informed Approaches to Addressing Substance Abuse and Trauma Exposure in Urban Native Families Involved with Child Welfare","volume":"94","author":"Lucero","year":"2015","journal-title":"Child Welfare"},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"87","article-title":"The role of the elder within a mainstream addiction and mental health hospital: Developing an integrated paradigm","volume":"7","author":"Menzies","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nativ. Soc. Work. J."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2021.1992047","article-title":"Trauma-informed approaches to substance use interventions with indigenous peoples: A scoping review","volume":"53","author":"Pride","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Psychoact. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1111\/jmwh.12674","article-title":"Integrating trauma-informed care into maternity care practice: Conceptual and practical issues","volume":"62","author":"Sperlich","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Midwifery Women Health"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nurpra.2020.08.028","article-title":"Using trauma-informed care to address sexual assault and intimate partner violence in primary care","volume":"17","author":"Palmieri","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nurse Pract."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"302","article-title":"Trauma-Informed telehealth in the COVID-19 era and beyond","volume":"37","author":"Gerber","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fed. Pract."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"(2024, February 05). DataUSA. 2023. Physicians. Available online: https:\/\/datausa.io\/profile\/soc\/physicians."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.22454\/FamMed.2021.500263","article-title":"Scoping Review of Trauma-Informed Curricula for Primary Care Providers","volume":"53","author":"Gundacker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fam. Med."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Figley, C.R. (1995). Compassion Fatigue: Coping with Secondary Traumatic Stress Disorder in Those Who Treat the Traumatized, Taylor & Francis Group."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1080\/16506073.2017.1315612","article-title":"Secondary traumatic stress in emergency medicine clinicians","volume":"46","author":"Bennett","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cogn. Behav. Ther."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ogi\u0144ska-Bulik, N., Gurowiec, P.J., Michalska, P., and K\u0119dra, E. (2021). Prevalence and predictors of secondary traumatic stress symptoms in health care professionals working with trauma victims: A cross-sectional study. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0247596"},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"National Child Traumatic Stress Network, Secondary Traumatic Stress Committee (2023, November 28). Secondary Traumatic Stress: A Fact Sheet for Child-Serving Professionals. Available online: https:\/\/www.nctsn.org\/sites\/default\/files\/resources\/fact-sheet\/secondary_traumatic_stress_child_serving_professionals.pdf."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Center for Healthcare Strategies (2023, June 21). Incorporating Patients\u2019 Voices at the Women\u2019s HIV Program: University of California, San Francisco. Available online: https:\/\/www.chcs.org\/resource\/incorporating-patients-voices-at-the-womens-hiv-program-university-of-california-san-francisco\/."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/s43058-023-00428-0","article-title":"Barriers and enablers for the implementation of trauma-informed care in healthcare settings: A systematic review","volume":"4","author":"Huo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Implement Sci. Commun."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1097\/JXX.0000000000000116","article-title":"A model for trauma-informed primary care","volume":"31","author":"Roberts","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Assoc. Nurse Pract."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"American Medical Association (AMA) (2024, February 07). Adverse Childhood Experiences and Trauma-Informed Care H-515.952. Available online: https:\/\/policysearch.ama-assn.org\/policyfinder\/detail\/Adverse%20Childhood%20Experiences%20and%20Trauma-Informed%20Care%C2%A0%20H-515.952?uri=%2FAMADoc%2FHOD.xml-H-515.952.xml."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"American Medical Association (AMA), and Titchen, K. (2024, February 07). What Doctors Wish Patients Knew about Trauma-Informed Care. Available online: https:\/\/www.ama-assn.org\/delivering-care\/population-care\/what-doctors-wish-patients-knew-about-trauma-informed-care."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"39","article-title":"Overcoming Compassion Fatigue","volume":"7","author":"Pfifferling","year":"2000","journal-title":"Fam. Pract. Manag."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Novilla, M.L.B., Moxley, V.B.A., Hanson, C.L., Redelfs, A.H., Glenn, J., Naranjo, P.G.D., Smith, J.M.S., Novilla, L.K.B., Stone, S., and Lafitaga, R. (2023). COVID-19 and Psychosocial Well-Being: Did COVID-19 Worsen U.S. Frontline Healthcare Workers\u2019 Burnout, Anxiety, and Depression?. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20054414"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000005196","article-title":"Roadmap for trauma-informed medical education: Introducing an essential competency set","volume":"98","author":"Berman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acad. Med."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-020-00881-w","article-title":"Just in TIME: Trauma-informed medical education","volume":"7","author":"McClinton","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Racial. Ethn. Health Disparities"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.18043\/ncm.79.2.108","article-title":"Trauma-informed primary care: Prevention, recognition, and promoting resilience","volume":"79","author":"Earls","year":"2018","journal-title":"North Carol. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"405","article-title":"How do we move forward with trauma-informed care?","volume":"17","author":"Schimmels","year":"2021","journal-title":"JNP"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105762","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105762","article-title":"Applying shared decision-making to screening for trauma and adversity in youth","volume":"131","author":"Musicaro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"Center for the Study of Social Policy\u2019s Strengthening Families Promoting Children\u2019s Health and Resiliency: A Strengthening Families Approach, Center for the Study of Social Policy. Available online: https:\/\/cssp.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Messaging-at-the-Intersections_Primary-Health.pdf."},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"(2023, November 30). The National Child Traumatic Stress Network. Creating Trauma-Informed Systems. Available online: https:\/\/www.nctsn.org\/trauma-informed-care\/creating-trauma-informed-systems."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cunningham, C.T., Quan, H., Hemmelgarn, B., Noseworthy, T., Beck, C.A., Dixon, E., Samuel, S., Ghali, W.A., Sykes, L.L., and Jett\u00e9, N. (2015). Exploring physician specialist response rates to web-based surveys. BMC Med. Res. Methodol., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-015-0016-z"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/21\/2\/232\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:00:30Z","timestamp":1760104830000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/21\/2\/232"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,16]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph21020232"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph21020232","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,16]]}}}