{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T06:35:38Z","timestamp":1780468538513,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,26]],"date-time":"2024-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711411200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of KwaZulu-Natal College of Health Sciences (CHS)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Evidence on the prevalence of lower back pain (LBP) among nurses is widespread in the literature, with several risk factors being reported. These include manual handling of patients, repetitive bending and twisting movements, and long working hours. It is reported that LBP has negative health outcomes and causes poor work performance among healthcare workers (HCWs). The magnitude of ergonomic risks associated with these healthcare activities has not been adequately investigated in Botswana. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the ergonomic risk levels associated with the manual handling of patients and its association with the prevalence of LBP among nurses in Botswana. Methods: This was an observational cross-sectional hospital-based study conducted in a Botswana public tertiary hospital from March to April 2023. The Movement and Assistance of Hospital Patients (MAPO) tool was used to collect data on ergonomic risk levels. Data on the demographic characteristics of participants were collected using a tool adapted from the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ). Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were estimated to determine the association between ergonomic risk levels and the prevalence of LBP. Results: A total of 256 nurses participated and completed the study. The self-reported prevalence of LBP in this study was 76.6%. The risk of acquiring LBP was high (90.5%) based on the MAPO index. Although the frequencies of self-reported LBP were high among nurses, these did not show any significant association with the MAPO index data. This could be partly due to the small sample size. Conclusions: There was a high prevalence of LBP in this study, which was corroborated by the MAPO index data. This has demonstrated the value of the MAPO index in forecasting the risk of patient manual handling. The findings might help Botswana formulate policies intended to address ergonomic preventive measures, directed towards reducing the MAPO index score by addressing the single risk determinants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph21040399","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,26]],"date-time":"2024-03-26T11:34:58Z","timestamp":1711452898000},"page":"399","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Investigating the Risk of Patient Manual Handling Using the Movement and Assistance of Hospital Patients Method among Hospital Nurses in Botswana"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Kagiso","family":"Kgakge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Public Health Medicine, School of Nursing & Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Health Promotion & Education, Boitekanelo College, Tlokweng, Old Naledi Kiosk, Gaborone P.O. Box 203156, Botswana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul Kiprono","family":"Chelule","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Public Health Medicine, School of Nursing & Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Public Health, School of Healthcare Sciences, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria 0208, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Morris","family":"Kahere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer & Infectious Diseases Epidemiology Research Unit (CIDERU), College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9435-3488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Themba Geoffrey","family":"Ginindza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Public Health Medicine, School of Nursing & Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa"},{"name":"Cancer & Infectious Diseases Epidemiology Research Unit (CIDERU), College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.60.7.497","article-title":"Course of low back pain among nurses: A longitudinal study across eight years","volume":"60","author":"Maul","year":"2003","journal-title":"Occup. 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