{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T15:11:26Z","timestamp":1788016286525,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,3]],"date-time":"2024-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712102400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Technological addiction refers to behavior characterized by excessive and prolonged use of technological devices; reactions of anger, frustration, or panic when unable to use them; and unsuccessful attempts to reduce the time spent on them [...]<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph21040436","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,3]],"date-time":"2024-04-03T08:42:34Z","timestamp":1712133754000},"page":"436","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Surfing Alone: From Internet Addiction to the Era of Smartphone Dependence"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6229-6463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amelia","family":"Rizzo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Cognitive Sciences, Psychological, Educational, and Cultural Studies, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4991-0385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dario","family":"Alparone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Faculty of Letters and Human Sciences, University of Western Brittany, 20 rue Duquesne, CEDEX 3, 29238 Brest, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Young, K.S. (1998). Caught in the Net: How to Recognize the Signs of Internet Addiction and a Winning Strategy for Recovery, John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/S0747-5632(00)00041-8","article-title":"A cognitive-behavioral model of pathological Internet use","volume":"17","author":"Davis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(99)00107-X","article-title":"Psychiatric features of individuals with problematic internet use","volume":"57","author":"Shapira","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1002\/da.10094","article-title":"Problematic internet use: Proposed classification and diagnostic criteria","volume":"17","author":"Shapira","year":"2003","journal-title":"Depress. Anxiety"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Joinson, A.N. (2008, January 5\u201310). Looking at, looking up or keeping up with people? Motives and use of Facebook. Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Florence, Italy.","DOI":"10.1145\/1357054.1357213"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Formica, I., Rizzo, A., and Conti, F. (2022, December 10). Facebook o Faceboom? Una Ricerca Esplorativa. Psychomedia. Available online: http:\/\/www.psychomedia.it\/pm\/telecomm\/massmedia\/formica-rizzo-conti.pdf."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"7","article-title":"Anatomia di un problema. Una review sui fenomeni psicopatologici Internet correlati","volume":"2","author":"Cantelmi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psicotech"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1521\/prev.2007.94.1.11","article-title":"Reality in Cyberspace: Analysands\u2019 Use of the Internet and Ordinary Everyday Psychosis","volume":"94","author":"Gibbs","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychoanal. Rev."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-7893.2012.00390.x","article-title":"Internet addiction, reality substitution and longitudinal changes in psychotic-like experiences in young adults","volume":"7","author":"Mittal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Early Interv. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2015.04.063","article-title":"Can the Problematic Internet Use evolve in a pre-psychotic state? A single case study with the Wartegg","volume":"51","author":"Rizzo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2007.10.008","article-title":"Online flow experiences, problematic Internet use and Internet procrastination","volume":"24","author":"Thatcher","year":"2008","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-199906000-00010","article-title":"Delusions about the Internet","volume":"92","author":"Catalano","year":"1999","journal-title":"South. Med. J. Birm. Alabama"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Crisi, A. (2013). Drawings in Assessment and Psychotherapy, Routledge."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1089\/109493100316067","article-title":"Does Internet and Computer \u201cAddiction\u201d Exist? Some Case Study Evidence","volume":"3","author":"Griffiths","year":"2000","journal-title":"CyberPsychology Behav."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1037\/h0087741","article-title":"\u201cComputer addiction\u201d: A critical consideration","volume":"70","author":"Shaffer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthopsychiatry"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2005.05.004","article-title":"Problematic Internet use or Internet addiction?","volume":"23","author":"Yellowlees","year":"2007","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"31","article-title":"Should DSM-V Designate \u201cInternet Addiction\u201d a Mental Disorder?","volume":"6","author":"Pies","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2009.06.006","article-title":"Problematic Internet use and psychosocial well-being among MMO players","volume":"25","author":"Caplan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.1998.82.2.475","article-title":"Dependence on Computer Games by Adolescents","volume":"82","author":"Griffiths","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1089\/cpb.2004.7.379","article-title":"Internet Dependence in the Collegiate Population: The Role of Shyness","volume":"7","author":"Yuen","year":"2004","journal-title":"CyberPsychology Behav."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1089\/cpb.2005.8.15","article-title":"Physical Interpersonal Relationships and Social Anxiety among Online Game Players","volume":"8","author":"Lo","year":"2005","journal-title":"CyberPsychology Behav."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.44.3.655","article-title":"Online communication, compulsive internet use, and psychosocial well-being among adolescents: A longitudinal study","volume":"44","author":"Meerkerk","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"31","article-title":"Toward a social psychology of loneliness","volume":"3","author":"Perlman","year":"1981","journal-title":"Pers. Relatsh."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691615568999","article-title":"Loneliness across the life span","volume":"10","author":"Qualter","year":"2015","journal-title":"Perspect. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barari, S., Caria, S., Davola, A., Falco, P., Fetzer, T., Fiorin, S., Hensel, L., Ivchenko, A., Jachimowicz, J., and King, G. (2020). Evaluating COVID-19 public health messaging in Italy: Self-reported compliance and growing mental health concerns. MedRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.03.27.20042820"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcaa201","article-title":"The psychological impact of COVID-19 on the mental health in the general population","volume":"113","author":"Serafini","year":"2020","journal-title":"QJM Int. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2020.105434","article-title":"Parental technoference and smartphone addiction in Chinese adolescents: The mediating role of social sensitivity and loneliness","volume":"118","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Child. Youth Serv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/s13012-020-00997-x","article-title":"Optimising and profiling pre-implementation contexts to create and implement a public health network intervention for tackling loneliness","volume":"15","author":"Ellis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Implement. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"125","article-title":"Anxiety and depressive symptoms in children and adolescents during covid-19 pandemic: A transcultural approach","volume":"33","author":"Espada","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psicothema"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-010213-115202","article-title":"Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing?","volume":"65","author":"Blakemore","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1002\/9780471726746.ch11","article-title":"Parent-adolescent relationships and influences","volume":"2","author":"Collins","year":"2004","journal-title":"Handb. Adolesc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.04.016","article-title":"Loneliness, social relationships, and mental health in adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"289","author":"Cooper","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Bauman, Z. (2013). Liquid Modernity, John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, Y.-H., Chiang, C.-L., Lin, P.-H., Chang, L.-R., Ko, C.-H., Lee, Y.-H., and Lin, S.-H. (2016). Proposed Diagnostic Criteria for Smartphone Addiction. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0163010"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-5, American Psychiatric Association.","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manap, A., Rizzo, A., Y\u0131ld\u0131rmaz, A., Dilek\u00e7i, \u00dc., and Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m, M. (2023). The Mediating Role of Procrastination in the Relationship between Fear of Missing Out and Internet Addiction in University Students. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph21010049"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"2202","article-title":"Wanna Bet? Investigating the Factors Related to Adolescent and Young Adult Gambling","volume":"13","author":"Rizzo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Investig. Heal. Psychol. Educ."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.3390\/psych5040082","article-title":"Exploring the Link between Smartphone Use, Recorded Violence, and Social Sharing in 80 Case Studies in Italy","volume":"5","author":"Rizzo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psych"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"2214","article-title":"Meaning in Life and Loneliness as Mediators between COVID-19 Anxiety and Life Satisfaction in the Post-Pandemic among the General Population in Turkey: A Serial Mediation Model","volume":"13","author":"Aziz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"308","article-title":"The contribution of subjective wellbeing to the improvement of the academic performance of university students through time management as a mediator factor: A structural equation modeling","volume":"8","author":"Khabbache","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Health Soc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s40309-017-0116-6","article-title":"How young adults imagine their future? The role of temperamental traits","volume":"5","author":"Rizzo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Futur. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2014.10.039","article-title":"Which psychological factors influence Internet addiction? Evidence through an integrative model","volume":"43","author":"Burnay","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1177\/070674370605101404","article-title":"Tridimensional Personality of Adolescents with Internet Addiction and Substance Use Experience","volume":"51","author":"Ko","year":"2006","journal-title":"Can. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2008.11.001","article-title":"Toward a comprehensive theory of problematic Internet use: Evaluating the role of self-esteem, anxiety, flow, and the self-rated importance of Internet activities","volume":"25","author":"Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.01562","article-title":"A basic need theory approach to problematic Internet use and the mediating effect of psychological distress","volume":"5","author":"Wong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rizzo, A., Munnukka, J., Scimone, S., Benedetto, L., and Ingrassia, M. (2024). Influencer Credibility: A Model of Personality Traits in Predicting Followers\u2019 Behavior. Qeios.","DOI":"10.32388\/6WJ9RC"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.53.9.1017","article-title":"Internet paradox: A social technology that reduces social involvement and psychological well-being?","volume":"53","author":"Kraut","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. Psychol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/21\/4\/436\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:22:55Z","timestamp":1760106175000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/21\/4\/436"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,3]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph21040436"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph21040436","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,3]]}}}