{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T20:35:41Z","timestamp":1791318941972,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":201,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,26]],"date-time":"2024-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714089600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Our consensus statement aims to clarify the use of antidepressants and anxiolytics during breastfeeding amidst clinical uncertainty. Despite recent studies, potential harm to breastfed newborns from these medications remains a concern, leading to abrupt discontinuation of necessary treatments or exclusive formula feeding, depriving newborns of benefits from mother\u2019s milk. Methods: A panel of 16 experts, representing eight scientific societies with a keen interest in postpartum depression, was convened. Utilizing the Nominal Group Technique and following a comprehensive literature review, a consensus statement on the pharmacological treatment of breastfeeding women with depressive disorders was achieved. Results: Four key research areas were delineated: (1) The imperative to address depressive and anxiety disorders during lactation, pinpointing the risks linked to untreated maternal depression during this period. (2) The evaluation of the cumulative risk of unfavorable infant outcomes associated with exposure to antidepressants or anxiolytics. (3) The long-term impact on infants\u2019 cognitive development or behavior due to exposure to these medications during breastfeeding. (4) The assessment of pharmacological interventions for opioid abuse in lactating women diagnosed with depressive disorders. Conclusions: The ensuing recommendations were as follows: Recommendation 1: Depressive and anxiety disorders, as well as their pharmacological treatment, are not contraindications for breastfeeding. Recommendation 2: The Panel advocates for the continuation of medication that has demonstrated efficacy during pregnancy. If initiating an antidepressant during breastfeeding is necessary, drugs with a superior safety profile and substantial epidemiological data, such as SSRIs, should be favored and prescribed at the lowest effective dose. Recommendation 3: For the short-term alleviation of anxiety symptoms and sleep disturbances, the Panel determined that benzodiazepines can be administered during breastfeeding. Recommendation 4: The Panel advises against discontinuing opioid abuse treatment during breastfeeding. Recommendation 5: The Panel endorses collaboration among specialists (e.g., psychiatrists, pediatricians, toxicologists), promoting multidisciplinary care whenever feasible. Coordination with the general practitioner is also recommended.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph21050551","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,26]],"date-time":"2024-04-26T10:56:32Z","timestamp":1714128992000},"page":"551","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Consensus Panel Recommendations for the Pharmacological Management of Breastfeeding Women with Postpartum Depression"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0662-866X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgios","family":"Eleftheriou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Italian Society of Toxicology (SITOX), Via Giovanni Pascoli 3, 20129 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Poison Control Center, Hospital Papa Giovanni XXIII, 24127 Bergamo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-5193-6909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Riccardo","family":"Zandonella Callegher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Italian Society of Psychiatry (SIP), Piazza Santa Maria della Piet\u00e0 5, 00135 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Psychiatry Unit, Department of Medicine (DAME), University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy"},{"name":"UCO Clinica Psichiatrica, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano-Isontina, 34148 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raffaella","family":"Butera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Italian Society of Toxicology (SITOX), Via Giovanni Pascoli 3, 20129 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Poison Control Center, Hospital Papa Giovanni XXIII, 24127 Bergamo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"De Santis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Italian Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology (SIGO), Via di Porta Pinciana 6, 00187 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna Franca","family":"Cavaliere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Italian Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology (SIGO), Via di Porta Pinciana 6, 00187 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Fatebenefratelli Gemelli, Isola Tiberina, 00186 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Vecchio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Italian Society of Toxicology (SITOX), Via Giovanni Pascoli 3, 20129 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Addiction Centre, Ser.D, Local Health Unit, 28100 Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cecilia","family":"Lanzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Italian Society of Toxicology (SITOX), Via Giovanni Pascoli 3, 20129 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Division of Clinic Toxicology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8315-8097","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Riccardo","family":"Davanzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Italian Society of Neonatology (SIN), Corso Venezia 8, 20121 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Maternal and Child Health Institute IRCCS \u201cBurlo Garofolo\u201d, 34137 Trieste, Italy"},{"name":"Task Force on Breastfeeding, Ministry of Health, 00144 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanna","family":"Mangili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Italian Society of Neonatology (SIN), Corso Venezia 8, 20121 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Neonatology, Hospital Papa Giovanni XXIII, 24127 Bergamo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emi","family":"Bondi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Italian Society of Psychiatry (SIP), Piazza Santa Maria della Piet\u00e0 5, 00135 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, 24100 Bergamo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Somaini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ser.D Biella, Drug Addiction Service, 13875 Biella, Italy"},{"name":"Italian Society of Addiction Diseases (S.I.Pa.D), Via Tagliamento 31, 00198 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariapina","family":"Gallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Poison Control Center, Hospital Papa Giovanni XXIII, 24127 Bergamo, Italy"},{"name":"Italian Society for Drug Addiction (SITD), Via Roma 22, 12100 Cuneo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Balestrieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry Unit, Department of Medicine (DAME), University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy"},{"name":"Italian Society of Neuropsychopharmacology (SINPF), Via Cernaia 35, 00158 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guido","family":"Mannaioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Italian Society of Toxicology (SITOX), Via Giovanni Pascoli 3, 20129 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Division of Clinic Toxicology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi, 50134 Florence, Italy"},{"name":"Italian Society of Pharmacology, Via Giovanni Pascoli, 3, 20129 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8761-8732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guglielmo","family":"Salvatori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Italian Society of Pediatrics, Via Gioberti 60, 00185 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Neonatology Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Ges\u00f9, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9781-4219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Umberto","family":"Albert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Italian Society of Psychiatry (SIP), Piazza Santa Maria della Piet\u00e0 5, 00135 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"UCO Clinica Psichiatrica, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano-Isontina, 34148 Trieste, Italy"},{"name":"Italian Society of Neuropsychopharmacology (SINPF), Via Cernaia 35, 00158 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34128 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2665","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.16121","article-title":"Prevalence and Risk Factors of Postpartum Depression in Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"31","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. 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