{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:06:20Z","timestamp":1760144780122,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]],"date-time":"2024-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715644800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","award":["PA #96043","PA #02081","FOA #DD09-001","FOA #DD13-003","NOFO #DD18-001","U01 DD001223","U01 DD001307"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PA #96043","PA #02081","FOA #DD09-001","FOA #DD13-003","NOFO #DD18-001","U01 DD001223","U01 DD001307"]}]},{"name":"Centers for Birth Defects Research and Prevention participating","award":["PA #96043","PA #02081","FOA #DD09-001","FOA #DD13-003","NOFO #DD18-001","U01 DD001223","U01 DD001307"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PA #96043","PA #02081","FOA #DD09-001","FOA #DD13-003","NOFO #DD18-001","U01 DD001223","U01 DD001307"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We used National Birth Defects Prevention Study data to investigate associations between working patterns shortly before and during pregnancy and gestational diabetes and pregnancy-related hypertension. We analyzed working patterns (multiple-job holders, job changers, single-job holders) during the three months before and during pregnancy for 8140 participants who delivered a live-born child without a birth defect. \u201cMultiple-job holders\u201d worked more than one job simultaneously, \u201cjob changers\u201d worked more than one job with no overlap, and \u201csingle-job holders\u201d (referent) worked one job. We used multivariable logistic regression to estimate associations between working pattern and each outcome, adjusting for maternal age and educational attainment at delivery. We explored effect measure modification by household income, peak weekly working hours, and maternal race\/ethnicity. Multiple-job holders had higher odds of gestational diabetes (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 1.5; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.1\u20132.1) and pregnancy-related hypertension (aOR: 1.5; 95% CI: 1.0\u20132.2) compared with single-job holders. Multiple-job holders with a household income of more than 30,000 USD per year, 32\u201344 peak weekly working hours, and from racial\/ethnic minority groups had higher odds of gestational diabetes compared with single-job holders in respective categories. Detailed occupational information is important for studies of occupation and maternal health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph21050619","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]],"date-time":"2024-05-14T08:59:37Z","timestamp":1715677177000},"page":"619","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Multiple Job Holding, Job Changes, and Associations with Gestational Diabetes and Pregnancy-Related Hypertension in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6345-1947","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amel","family":"Omari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Field Studies and Engineering, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH 45213, USA"},{"name":"Epidemic Intelligence Service Officer, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA 30329, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0231-2564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miriam R.","family":"Siegel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Field Studies and Engineering, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH 45213, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carissa M.","family":"Rocheleau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Field Studies and Engineering, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH 45213, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1743-625X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaori","family":"Fujishiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Field Studies and Engineering, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH 45213, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kristen","family":"Van Buren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Field Studies and Engineering, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH 45213, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dallas","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Field Studies and Engineering, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH 45213, USA"},{"name":"Epidemic Intelligence Service Officer, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA 30329, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.J.","family":"Agopian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7092-6667","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suzanne M.","family":"Gilboa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Birth Defects and Infant Disorders, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA 30329, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5393-9984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul A.","family":"Romitti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2017.304214","article-title":"Work as an Inclusive Part of Population Health Inequities Research and Prevention","volume":"108","author":"Ahonen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. 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