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vehicle occupant crash injury and death, rear-seated adult occupants are less likely to use restraints. This study examines risk and protective factors associated with injury severity in front- and rear-seated adults involved in a motor vehicle crash in New York State. The Crash Outcome Data Evaluation System (CODES) (2016\u20132017) was used to examine injury severity in front- and rear-seated occupants aged 18 years or older (N = 958,704) involved in a motor vehicle crash. CODES uses probabilistic linkage of New York State hospitalization, emergency department, and police and motorist crash reports. Multivariable logistic regression models with MI analyze employed SAS 9.4. Odds ratios are reported as OR with 95% CI. The mortality rate was approximately 1.5 times higher for rear-seated than front-seated occupants (136.60 vs. 92.45 per 100,000), with rear-seated occupants more frequently unrestrained than front-seated occupants (15.28% vs. 1.70%, p &lt; 0.0001). In adjusted analyses that did not include restraint status, serious injury\/death was higher in rear-seated compared to front-seated occupants (OR:1.272, 1.146\u20131.412), but lower once restraint use was added (OR: 0.851, 0.771\u20130.939). Unrestrained rear-seated occupants exhibited higher serious injury\/death than restrained front-seated occupants. Unrestrained teens aged 18\u201319 years old exhibit mortality per 100,000 occupants that is more similar to that of the oldest two age groups than to other young and middle-aged adults. Speeding, a drinking driver, and older vehicles were among the independent predictors of serious injury\/death. Unrestrained rear-seated adult occupants exhibit higher severe injury\/death than restrained front-seated occupants. When restrained, rear-seated occupants are less likely to be seriously injured than restrained front-seated occupants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph21060663","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]],"date-time":"2024-05-23T05:35:20Z","timestamp":1716442520000},"page":"663","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Risk and Protective Factors for Injury in Adult Front- and Rear-Seated Motor Vehicle Occupants in New York State"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Laura","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"New York State Department of Health, Bureau of Occupational Health and Injury Prevention, Empire State Plaza, Corning Tower, Albany, NY 12237, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emilia","family":"Pawlowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New York State Department of Health, Bureau of Occupational Health and Injury Prevention, Empire State Plaza, Corning Tower, Albany, NY 12237, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0302-0421","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leah M.","family":"Hines","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New York State Department of Health, Bureau of Occupational Health and Injury Prevention, Empire State Plaza, Corning Tower, Albany, NY 12237, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Bauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New York State Department of Health, Bureau of Occupational Health and Injury Prevention, Empire State Plaza, Corning Tower, Albany, NY 12237, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joyce C.","family":"Pressley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Epidemiology, Health Policy and Management, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2023, April 04). 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Res."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/21\/6\/663\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:46:48Z","timestamp":1760107608000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/21\/6\/663"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,22]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph21060663"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph21060663","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,22]]}}}