{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T22:46:00Z","timestamp":1790808360518,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]],"date-time":"2024-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Higher Center for Research of the Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (HCR-USEK)","award":["90010141"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["90010141"]}]},{"name":"Higher Center for Research of the Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (HCR-USEK)","award":["101086247"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101086247"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon Europe research and innovation program under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie","award":["90010141"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["90010141"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon Europe research and innovation program under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie","award":["101086247"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101086247"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), a prevalent childhood neurodevelopmental disorder with complex etiology involving genetic and environmental factors, causes impairments across various life domains and substantial social and economic burden. Identifying correlates to prevent its onset and decrease its incidence is crucial. To our knowledge, our study represents the first case\u2013control investigation of Lebanese ADHD patients to explore potential correlations between familial, maternal, and child health variables and ADHD to enhance understanding of its etiology and aid in prevention efforts. We recruited 61 Lebanese ADHD patients and 58 matched controls aged 6\u201324 years from all districts of Lebanon. The data to analyze were collected using a questionnaire. We employed statistical tests, including the independent samples t-test and the Chi-square test or Fisher\u2019s exact test. We conducted a multivariate logistic regression analysis to identify the statistically significant factors explaining ADHD likelihood. We observed male predominance (68.9%) among patients. Maternal anemia during pregnancy (OR = 3.654; 95% CI [1.158\u201311.529]), maternal self-reported stress during pregnancy (OR = 3.268; 95% CI [1.263\u20138.456]), neonatal jaundice (OR = 5.020; 95% CI [1.438\u201317.532]), and familial history of ADHD (OR = 12.033; 95% CI [2.950\u201349.072]) were significantly associated with increased odds of the disorder. On the other hand, breastfeeding (OR = 0.263; 95% CI [0.092\u20130.757]) was identified as a protective factor against ADHD. This pilot study shed light on risk and protective factors associated with ADHD in the Lebanese population. The results are relevant, as some identified correlates could be avoidable. Further rigorous investigation is required to expand upon the observed correlations and to assist in early detection, prevention, and intervention strategies targeting ADHD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph21081027","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]],"date-time":"2024-08-05T07:37:30Z","timestamp":1722843450000},"page":"1027","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Correlational Insights into Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder in Lebanon"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-2310-2160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melyssa","family":"Assaf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, Jounieh P.O. Box 446, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4577-2031","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melissa","family":"Rouphael","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, Jounieh P.O. Box 446, Lebanon"},{"name":"UMR Inserm 1253 Ibrain, Universit\u00e9 de Tours, 37032 Tours, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7257-6680","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"Bou Sader Nehme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, Jounieh P.O. Box 446, Lebanon"},{"name":"CNRS, Institute of Neurodegenerative Diseases, IMN, University of Bordeaux, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michel","family":"Soufia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, Jounieh P.O. Box 446, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0396-9258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abbas","family":"Alameddine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North Autism Center (NAC), Zgharta 1304, Lebanon"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, H\u00f4tel-Dieu de France Hospital, A. Naccache Avenue\u2014Achrafieh 1100, Beirut 166830, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6918-5689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Souheil","family":"Hallit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, Jounieh P.O. Box 446, Lebanon"},{"name":"Psychology Department, College of Humanities, Effat University, Jeddah 21478, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Applied Science Research Center, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11937, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3936-324X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marc","family":"Landry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNRS, Institute of Neurodegenerative Diseases, IMN, University of Bordeaux, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3736-3396","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tania","family":"Bitar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, Jounieh P.O. Box 446, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0683-4156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Walid","family":"Hleihel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, Jounieh P.O. Box 446, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S104","DOI":"10.21037\/tp.2019.09.08","article-title":"Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder: Diagnostic Criteria, Epidemiology, Risk Factors and Evaluation in Youth","volume":"9","author":"Cabral","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl. 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