{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T02:27:32Z","timestamp":1793413652276,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,20]],"date-time":"2024-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724112000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005240","name":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["90YR0136"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["90YR0136"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005240","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aims to enhance our understanding of the diverse nature of social\u2013emotional development and explore the demographic disparities and intersectionality of social determinants among children, with an emphasis on underserved populations of children in low-resource environments. Young children living in low-income families are exposed to a wide array of social and systemic risks that increase the propensity for poor learning and social\u2013emotional development. Using data from the Head Start Family and Childhood Experiences Survey (FACES, this study focuses on the social\u2013emotional development of a nationally representative sample of young children enrolled in the Head Start program (n = 1921, 50.18% male). Employing a person-centered approach, we assessed teacher-rated social\u2013emotional competence, including approach to learning, social cooperation, aggression, hyperactivity, and anxiety\/depression\/withdrawal, to classify young children\u2019s social\u2013emotional development. This study identified four distinct social\u2013emotional profiles\u2014Adaptive, Average, Moderate Risk, and High Risk\u2014through latent profile analysis. Furthermore, multinomial regression analysis revealed demographic disparities within each social\u2013emotional profile, and significant intersectionality was found between race\/ethnicity, age, and disability status in the social\u2013emotional profiles. This research provides valuable insights for better supporting each child\u2019s unique needs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph21081100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,20]],"date-time":"2024-08-20T09:13:48Z","timestamp":1724145228000},"page":"1100","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Social\u2013Emotional Profiles of Preschool Children: An Investigation of Demographic Disparities and Intersectionality"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9503-8145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chin-Chih","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Counseling and Special Education, School of Education, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaoying","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Counseling and Special Education, School of Education, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"LoCasale-Crouch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Counseling and Special Education, School of Education, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2122-4268","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuyan","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9415-8575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathleen","family":"Rudasill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Counseling and Special Education, School of Education, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2652-449X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lindai","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Counseling and Special Education, School of Education, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karli","family":"Johansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Counseling and Special Education, School of Education, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeen","family":"Joy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Counseling and Special Education, School of Education, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Askue-Collins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Counseling and Special Education, School of Education, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"United States Department of Health and Human Services (2023). Administration for Children and Families. Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation. Head Start Family and Child Experiences Survey (FACES), United States, 2014\u20132017."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Franco, M.d.G., Beja, M.J., Candeias, A., and Santos, N. (2017). Emotion understanding, social competence and school achievement in children from primary school in Portugal. Front. Psychol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.01376"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Portela-Pino, I., Alvari\u00f1as-Villaverde, M., and Pino-Juste, M. (2021). Socio-Emotional Skills as Predictors of Performance of Students: Differences by Gender. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13094807"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Thompson, R.A., and Happold, C.A. (2002). The roots of school readiness in social and emotional development. Set for Success: Building a Strong Foundation for School Readiness Based, The Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e186694","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2018.6694","article-title":"Association of childhood social-emotional functioning profiles at school entry with early-onset mental health conditions","volume":"2","author":"Thomson","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1111\/bjep.12109","article-title":"Early childhood profiles of sleep problems and self-regulation predict later school adjustment","volume":"86","author":"Williams","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Educ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"1","article-title":"Comparing the national outcome measure of healthy and ready to learn with other well-being and school readiness measures","volume":"1","author":"Paschall","year":"2020","journal-title":"Child Trends"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Fuller, M., Georgeson, J., Healey, M., Hurst, A., Kelly, K., Riddell, S., Roberts, H., and Weedon, E. (2009). Improving Disabled Students\u2019 Learning, Routledge."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1007\/s12187-019-09644-4","article-title":"Developing an indicator system to measure child well-being: Lessons learned over time","volume":"13","author":"Moore","year":"2020","journal-title":"Child Indic. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Booth, A., and Crouter, A.C. (2008). Child characteristics and family processes that predict behavioral readiness for school. Disparities in School Readiness: How Families Contribute to Transitions in School, Psychology Press.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203809754"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Kellam, S.G., and Parke, R.D. (1994). Exploring Family Relationships with Other Social Contexts, Erlbaum."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1177\/0829573514521976","article-title":"Associations between emotional intelligence, socio-emotional adjustment, and academic achievement in childhood: The influence of age","volume":"29","author":"Brouzos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Can. J. Sch. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"80","article-title":"Inside school readiness: The role of socioemotional and behavioral factors in relation to school, teachers, peers and academic outcome in kindergarten and first grade","volume":"26","author":"Hamerslag","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Early Child. Educ. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecresq.2006.09.003","article-title":"The impact of kindergarten learning-related skills on academic trajectories at the end of elementary school","volume":"21","author":"McClelland","year":"2006","journal-title":"Early Child. Res. Q."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecresq.2021.05.006","article-title":"School readiness skills at age four predict academic achievement through 5th grade","volume":"57","author":"Ricciardi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Early Child. Res. Q."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/S0885-2006(00)00049-1","article-title":"Teachers\u2019 judgments of problems in the transition to kindergarten","volume":"15","author":"Pianta","year":"2000","journal-title":"Early Child. Res. Q."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Latham, S. (2018). Changes in school readiness of America\u2019s entering kindergarteners (1998\u20132010). Kindergarten Transition and Readiness: Promoting Cognitive, Social-Emotional, and Self-Regulatory Development, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-90200-5_5"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1177\/17446295211030092","article-title":"Social-emotional problems of children with mild intellectual disabilities having parents with mental health concerns: A quantitative comparison study","volume":"26","author":"Riemersma","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Intellect. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31389-7","article-title":"Early childhood development coming of age: Science through the life course","volume":"389","author":"Black","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"34","article-title":"School segregation and racial academic achievement gaps","volume":"2","author":"Reardon","year":"2016","journal-title":"RSF Russell Sage Found. J. Soc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60136-1","article-title":"An overview of mortality and sequelae of preterm birth from infancy to adulthood","volume":"371","author":"Saigal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1080\/10824669.2012.672834","article-title":"Character, social-emotional, and academic outcomes among underachieving elementary school students","volume":"17","author":"Grier","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Educ. Stud. Placed Risk (JESPAR)"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1037\/edu0000087","article-title":"The association of Latino children\u2019s kindergarten school readiness profiles with Grade 2\u20135 literacy achievement trajectories","volume":"108","author":"Quirk","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Educ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1037\/spq0000099","article-title":"Cluster-randomized trial demonstrating impact on academic achievement of elementary social-emotional learning","volume":"30","author":"Schonfeld","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sch. Psychol. Q."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1353\/aad.2011.0017","article-title":"Social-emotional functioning of elementary-age deaf children: A profile analysis","volume":"156","author":"Schatschneider","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. Ann. Deaf."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vogan, V.M., Leung, R.C., Safar, K., Martinussen, R., Smith, M.L., and Taylor, M.J. (2018). Longitudinal examination of everyday executive functioning in children with ASD: Relations with social, emotional, and behavioral functioning over time. Front. Psychol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.01774"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lindif.2011.05.001","article-title":"Social-emotional learning profiles of preschoolers\u2019 early school success: A person-centered approach","volume":"22","author":"Denham","year":"2012","journal-title":"Learn. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecresq.2011.10.002","article-title":"National profiles of school readiness skills for Head Start children: An investigation of stability and change","volume":"27","author":"McWayne","year":"2012","journal-title":"Early Child. Res. Q."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appdev.2022.101397","article-title":"One size doesn\u2019t fit all: Profiles of isolated children in early childhood","volume":"80","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Appl. Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1080\/10824669.2020.1869554","article-title":"Exploring Variability in Social and Behavioral Adjustment Among Children in Head Start Experiencing Homelessness","volume":"26","author":"Haskett","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Educ. Stud. Placed Risk (JESPAR)"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecresq.2020.02.004","article-title":"Profiles of family engagement in home-and center-based Early Head Start programs: Associations with child outcomes and parenting skills","volume":"53","author":"Jeon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Early Child. Res. Q."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1111\/1460-6984.12094","article-title":"School-readiness profiles of children with language impairment: Linkages to home and classroom experiences","volume":"49","author":"Pentimonti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Lang. Commun. Disord."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1080\/10888691.2020.1781633","article-title":"How profiles of school readiness relate to grade 3 performance among low-income ethnically- and linguistically-diverse children","volume":"26","author":"Tavassolie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Dev. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105031","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2021.105031","article-title":"Long-term effects of pre-adoptive risk on emotional and behavioral functioning in children adopted from foster care","volume":"130","author":"Blake","year":"2022","journal-title":"Child Abus. Negl."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takahashi, Y., Okada, K., Hoshino, T., and Anme, T. (2015). Developmental trajectories of social skills during early childhood and links to parenting practices in a Japanese sample. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0135357"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecresq.2008.02.003","article-title":"School readiness gains made by ethnically diverse children in poverty attending center-based childcare and public school pre-kindergarten programs","volume":"23","author":"Winsler","year":"2008","journal-title":"Early Child. Res. Q."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13003","article-title":"The dysregulation profile in preschoolers with and without a family history of autism spectrum disorder","volume":"60","author":"Miller","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Tourangeau, K., Nord, C., L\u00ea, T., Sorongon, A.G., Hagedorn, M.C., Daly, P., and Najarian, M. (2015). Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Kindergarten Class of 2010\u201311 (ECLS-K:2011), User\u2019s Manual for the ECLS-K:2011 Kindergarten Data File and Electronic Codebook, Public Version (NCES 2015-074)."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.2307\/1130614","article-title":"The emergent academic self-image of first graders: Its response to social structure","volume":"58","author":"Entwisle","year":"1987","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1177\/073428298800600206","article-title":"Teacher and observer ratings of children\u2019s social skills: Validation of the Social Skills Rating Scales","volume":"6","author":"Elliott","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Psychoeduc. Assess."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.2307\/352397","article-title":"Marital disruption, parent-child relationships, and behavior problems in children","volume":"48","author":"Peterson","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Marriage Fam."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1988.10478722","article-title":"A test of missing completely at random for multivariate data with missing values","volume":"83","author":"Little","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Am. Stat. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsp.2009.10.001","article-title":"An introduction to modern missing data analyses","volume":"48","author":"Baraldi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Sch. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Muth\u00e9n, L.K., and Muth\u00e9n, B.O. (1998). Mplus User\u2019s Guide, Muth\u00e9n & Muth\u00e9n. [8th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1080\/10705510701575396","article-title":"Deciding on the number of classes in latent class analysis and growth mixture modeling: A Monte Carlo simulation study","volume":"14","author":"Nylund","year":"2007","journal-title":"Struct. Equ. Model. A Multidiscip. J."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/88.3.767","article-title":"Testing the number of components in a normal mixture","volume":"88","author":"Lo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1080\/10705511.2014.915181","article-title":"Auxiliary variables in mixture modeling: Three-step approaches using M plus","volume":"21","author":"Asparouhov","year":"2014","journal-title":"Struct. Equ. Model. A Multidiscip. J."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Masyn, K.E. (2013). Latent Class Analysis and Finite Mixture Modeling, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780199934898.013.0025"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecresq.2010.07.002","article-title":"Child temperament, teacher-child interactions, and teacher-child relationships: A longitudinal investigation from first to third grade","volume":"26","author":"Rudasill","year":"2011","journal-title":"Early Child. Res. Q."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1207\/s15566935eed1702_4","article-title":"Temperament and language skills as predictors of teacher-child relationship quality in preschool","volume":"17","author":"Rudasill","year":"2006","journal-title":"Early Educ. Dev."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rudasill, K.M., Cheng, S.-L., Xu, Y., Xie, L., Sealy, M., and Chen, C.-C. (J. Appl. Dev. Psychol., 2024). White Privilege in the Early Elementary Classroom: Implications for Students\u2019 Achievement, J. Appl. Dev. Psychol., submitted.","DOI":"10.3102\/2093985"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/21\/8\/1100\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:39:47Z","timestamp":1760110787000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/21\/8\/1100"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,20]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph21081100"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph21081100","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,20]]}}}