{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:22:50Z","timestamp":1760145770640,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]],"date-time":"2024-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725148800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel\u2014CAPES","award":["88882.461729\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["88882.461729\/2019"]}]},{"name":"Sheffield Hallam University","award":["88882.461729\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["88882.461729\/2019"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The efficient recognition of symptoms in viral infections holds promise for swift and precise diagnosis, thus mitigating health implications and the potential recurrence of infections. COVID-19 presents unique challenges due to various factors influencing diagnosis, especially regarding disease symptoms that closely resemble those of other viral diseases, including other strains of SARS, thus impacting the identification of useful and meaningful symptom patterns as they emerge in infections. Therefore, this study proposes an association rule mining approach, utilising the Apriori algorithm to analyse the similarities between individuals with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis and those with unspecified SARS diagnosis. The objective is to investigate, through symptom rules, the presence of COVID-19 patterns among individuals initially not diagnosed with the disease. Experiments were conducted using cases from Brazilian SARS datasets for S\u00e3o Paulo State. Initially, reporting percentage similarities of symptoms in both groups were analysed. Subsequently, the top ten rules from each group were compared. Finally, a search for the top five most frequently occurring positive rules among the unspecified ones, and vice versa, was conducted to identify identical rules, with a particular focus on the presence of positive rules among the rules of individuals initially diagnosed with unspecified SARS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph21091164","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,2]],"date-time":"2024-09-02T03:45:21Z","timestamp":1725248721000},"page":"1164","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Using Association Rules to Obtain Sets of Prevalent Symptoms throughout the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Analysis of Similarities between Cases of COVID-19 and Unspecified SARS in S\u00e3o Paulo-Brazil"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0740-1136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julliana Gon\u00e7alves","family":"Marques","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Informatics and Applied Mathematics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9122-0257","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno Motta de","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Informatics and Applied Mathematics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2690-1563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luiz Affonso","family":"Guedes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering and Automation, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7461-7570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e1rjory","family":"Da Costa-Abreu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computing, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield S9 3TY, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"United Nations (2023, March 12). 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