{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T16:13:31Z","timestamp":1792512811854,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,19]],"date-time":"2024-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726704000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001505","name":"Health Research Council of New Zealand","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22\/377"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22\/377"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001505","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The influence of global climate change on temperature-related health outcomes among vulnerable populations, particularly young children, is underexplored. Using a case time series design, we analysed 647,000 hospital admissions of children aged under five years old in New Zealand, born between 2000 and 2019. We explored the relationship between daily maximum temperatures and hospital admissions across 2139 statistical areas. We used quasi-Poisson distributed lag non-linear models to account for the delayed effects of temperature over a 0\u201321-day window. We identified broad ICD code categories associated with heat before combining these for the main analyses. We conducted stratified analyses by ethnicity, sex, and residency, and tested for interactions with long-term temperature, socioeconomic position, and housing tenure. We found J-shaped temperature\u2013response curves with increased risks of hospital admission above 24.1 \u00b0C, with greater sensitivity among M\u0101ori, Pacific, and Asian compared to European children. Spatial\u2013temporal analysis from 2013\u20132019 showed rising attributable fractions (AFs) of admissions associated with increasing temperatures, especially in eastern coastal and densely populated areas. Interactive maps were created to allow policymakers to prioritise interventions. Findings emphasize the need for child-specific and location-specific climate change adaptation policies, particularly for socioeconomically disadvantaged groups.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph21091236","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,19]],"date-time":"2024-09-19T08:12:27Z","timestamp":1726733547000},"page":"1236","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Daily Temperatures and Child Hospital Admissions in Aotearoa New Zealand: Case Time Series Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Hakkan","family":"Lai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeong Eun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1699-6119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luke J.","family":"Harrington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Te Aka M\u0101tuatua School of Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton 3216, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annabel","family":"Ahuriri-Driscoll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Te Kura M\u0101tai Hauora School of Health Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8668-9918","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina","family":"Newport","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Population Health, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7252-2049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annette","family":"Bolton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Salter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Morton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Innovative Solutions for Well-being and Health (INSIGHT), Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alistair","family":"Woodward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4529-7595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon","family":"Hales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, University of Otago, Wellington 6011, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60935-1","article-title":"Managing the health effects of climate change: Lancet and University College London Institute for Global Health Commission","volume":"373","author":"Costello","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2346","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01859-7","article-title":"The 2023 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: The imperative for a health-centred response in a world facing irreversible harms","volume":"402","author":"Romanello","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adg6248","article-title":"Credibility gap in net-zero climate targets leaves world at high risk","volume":"380","author":"Rogelj","year":"2023","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-013-0655-x","article-title":"The impact of heat waves on children\u2019s health: A systematic review","volume":"58","author":"Xu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. 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