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406783\/2021-7"]}]},{"name":"FAPESP","award":["CNPq 444823\/2023-9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CNPq 444823\/2023-9"]}]},{"name":"FAPESP","award":["#006\/2020-PCTI EMERGESAUDE II"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#006\/2020-PCTI EMERGESAUDE II"]}]},{"name":"FAPESP","award":["#002\/2008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#002\/2008"]}]},{"name":"FAPESP","award":["007\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["007\/2018"]}]},{"name":"FAPESP","award":["005\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["005\/2019"]}]},{"name":"FAPESP","award":["005\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["005\/2022"]}]},{"name":"FAPESP","award":["2015\/26501-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015\/26501-1"]}]},{"name":"FAPESP","award":["2020\/15726-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020\/15726-0"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Aim: (I) to verify if there are sex differences in respiratory function, respiratory muscle strength, and effort limitation in individuals recovered from severe acute COVID-19 30 months after the initial infection, and (II) to evaluate the influence of length of stay on cardiorespiratory capacity among men and women. Methods: Cross-sectional observational multicentric study with participants from five Brazilian states (S\u00e3o Paulo, Amazonas, Minas Gerais, Bahia, and Bras\u00edlia). We assessed lung function and respiratory muscle strength by maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP), maximum expiratory pressure (MEP), and cardiorespiratory fitness by cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET). Results: 86 individuals were stratified by sex (48 women and 38 men). Females had significantly longer hospitalization for acute COVID-19 (p &lt; 0.05) and showed a marked reduction in MIP (cmH2O and % predicted). Regarding the CPET, women presented lower V\u02d9O2% predicted, O2 pulse, and oxygen uptake efficiency slope (OUES, % predicted) (p &lt; 0.05). In addition, women also had greater abnormal combinations between RER &lt; 1.10, OUES &lt; 80% predicted, VE\/VVM &lt; 15% [3 (6.2%)] and V\u02d9O2% predicted &lt; 80%, V\u02d9E\/V\u02d9CO2 slope and V\u02d9O2\/workload &lt; 8.4 mL\/min\/W [8 (17%)]. The regression analysis showed a significant influence of age, length of hospitalization (&lt; and &gt;10 days), and FEV1\/FVC (%) on the V\u02d9O2 peak (mL\u00b7kg\u22121\u00b7min\u22121). Secondarily, we found that women hospitalized for more than 10 days had worse O2 pulse (p = 0.03), OUES % predicted (p &lt; 0.001), and worse V\u02d9O2% predicted (p &lt; 0.009). Conclusion: Women exhibited more pronounced impairments in several key indicators of cardiopulmonary function 30 months post-infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph21101293","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]],"date-time":"2024-09-27T09:16:10Z","timestamp":1727428570000},"page":"1293","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Sex-Based Differences in Pulmonary Function and Cardiopulmonary Response 30 Months Post-COVID-19: A Brazilian Multicentric Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8731-689X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e1ssia da Luz","family":"Goulart","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiological Science Department, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus 69067-005, Brazil"},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Av. Pedro Teixeira, N25-Bairro Dom Pedro, Manaus 69040-000, Brazil"},{"name":"Research Group on Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation (GPRC), University of Brasilia (UnB), Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guilherme Peixoto Tinoco","family":"Ar\u00eaas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiological Science Department, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus 69067-005, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3688-2108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mauricio","family":"Milani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group on Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation (GPRC), University of Brasilia (UnB), Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil"},{"name":"Rehabilitation Research Center, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernanda Facioli dos Reis","family":"Borges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiological Science Department, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus 69067-005, Brazil"},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Av. Pedro Teixeira, N25-Bairro Dom Pedro, Manaus 69040-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliana Ribeiro","family":"Magalh\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiological Science Department, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus 69067-005, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guilherme Dionir","family":"Back","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiopulmonary Physical Therapy Laboratory, Federal University of S\u00e3o Carlos, S\u00e3o Carlos 13565-905, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3891-6941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Audrey","family":"Borghi-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiopulmonary Physical Therapy Laboratory, Federal University of S\u00e3o Carlos, S\u00e3o Carlos 13565-905, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3455-2463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luciano Fonseca Lemos","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 30130-100, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2133-5622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9 Ribeiro","family":"de Paula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 30130-100, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina Coimbra","family":"Marinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 30130-100, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D\u00e9borah Pereira","family":"Prado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 30130-100, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Celso Nascimento de","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bahiana Cardiorespiratory Physiotherapy Research Group, Bahiana School of Medicine and Public Health (EBMSP), Salvador 40290-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristiane Maria Carvalho Costa","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bahiana Cardiorespiratory Physiotherapy Research Group, Bahiana School of Medicine and Public Health (EBMSP), Salvador 40290-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3554-3422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vin\u00edcius Afonso","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bahiana Cardiorespiratory Physiotherapy Research Group, Bahiana School of Medicine and Public Health (EBMSP), Salvador 40290-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9320-7999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luiz Eduardo Fonteles","family":"Ritt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bahiana Cardiorespiratory Physiotherapy Research Group, Bahiana School of Medicine and Public Health (EBMSP), Salvador 40290-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6327-1428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leandro Tolfo","family":"Franzoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90010-150, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Stein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90010-150, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0717-9694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mansueto Gomes","family":"Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiotherapy Research Group, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170-110, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerson","family":"Cipriano Junior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group on Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation (GPRC), University of Brasilia (UnB), Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9995-0249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Almeida-Val","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiological Science Department, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus 69067-005, Brazil"},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Av. Pedro Teixeira, N25-Bairro Dom Pedro, Manaus 69040-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hayes, L.D., Ingram, J., and Sculthorpe, N.F. (2021). More Than 100 Persistent Symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 (Long COVID): A Scoping Review. Front. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.750378"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Wulf Hanson, S., Abbafati, C., Aerts, J.G., Al-Aly, Z., Ashbaugh, C., Ballouz, T., Blyuss, O., Bobkova, P., Bonsel, G., and Borzakova, S. (2022). 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Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e068481","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-068481","article-title":"Lived experience of patients with Long COVID: A qualitative study in the UK","volume":"13","author":"Thomas","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"e41295","article-title":"Emergence of COVID-19 Variants: An Update","volume":"15","author":"Gupta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.86.2.494","article-title":"Effects of aging, sex, and physical training on cardiovascular responses to exercise","volume":"86","author":"Ogawa","year":"1992","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2700-3","article-title":"Sex differences in immune responses that underlie COVID-19 disease outcomes","volume":"588","author":"Takahashi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin, J.M., Bai, P., He, W., Wu, F., Liu, X.F., Han, D.M., Liu, S., and Yang, J.K. 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Heart Fail."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/21\/10\/1293\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:05:09Z","timestamp":1760112309000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/21\/10\/1293"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph21101293"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph21101293","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]]}}}