{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:32:39Z","timestamp":1760146359545,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]],"date-time":"2024-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729555200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","award":["R01 AA027791-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AA027791-01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Research supports the premise that greater substance use is associated with fewer sources of environmental reinforcement. However, it remains unclear whether types of environmental reinforcement (e.g., social or work) may differentially influence use. This study tested the association between types of environmental reinforcement and engagement in multiple health risk behaviors (alcohol use, binge eating, and nicotine use). Cross-sectional data were collected from a general population sample of US adults (N = 596). The Pleasant Events Schedule (PES) was used to measure sources of reinforcement. Exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) characterized different areas of environmental reinforcement and correlations with alcohol consumption, binge eating, and nicotine use. A four-factor structure of the PES demonstrated a conceptually cohesive model with acceptable fit and partial strict invariance. Social-related reinforcement was positively associated with alcohol consumption (\u03b2 = 0.30, p &lt; 0.001) and binge eating (\u03b2 = 0.26, p &lt; 0.001). Work\/school-related reinforcement was negatively associated with binge eating (\u03b2 = \u22120.14, p = 0.006). No areas of reinforcement were significantly associated with nicotine use (p values = 0.069 to 0.755). Social-related activities may be associated with engagement in multiple health risk behaviors (more binge eating and alcohol use), whereas work\/school-related activities may be preventative against binge eating. Understanding these relationships can inform prevention efforts targeting health risk behaviors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph21111390","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]],"date-time":"2024-10-22T04:10:14Z","timestamp":1729570214000},"page":"1390","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sources of Environmental Reinforcement and Engagement in Health Risk Behaviors Among a General Population Sample of US Adults"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6279-9079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexa","family":"L\u2019Insalata","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA"},{"name":"Cofrin Logan Center for Addiction Research and Treatment, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7359-3746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Girard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2896-9791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tera","family":"Fazzino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA"},{"name":"Cofrin Logan Center for Addiction Research and Treatment, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-032813-153724","article-title":"The behavioral economics of substance use disorders: Reinforcement pathologies and their repair","volume":"10","author":"Bickel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu. 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