{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T06:38:54Z","timestamp":1772606334949,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,28]],"date-time":"2024-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["R01 DA054215"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 DA054215"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["L60 DA059132"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["L60 DA059132"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["U54 GM138062"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U54 GM138062"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["R25 CA244073"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R25 CA244073"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","award":["R01 DA054215"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 DA054215"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","award":["L60 DA059132"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["L60 DA059132"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","award":["U54 GM138062"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U54 GM138062"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","award":["R25 CA244073"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R25 CA244073"]}]},{"name":"National Cancer Institute","award":["R01 DA054215"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 DA054215"]}]},{"name":"National Cancer Institute","award":["L60 DA059132"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["L60 DA059132"]}]},{"name":"National Cancer Institute","award":["U54 GM138062"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U54 GM138062"]}]},{"name":"National Cancer Institute","award":["R25 CA244073"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R25 CA244073"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The purpose of this study is to describe the development and initial validation of a survey focused on problematic situations involving e-cigarette use by rural Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander (NHPI) youths. A 5-phase approach to test development and validation was used. In Phase 1 (Item Generation), survey items were created from a series of focus groups with middle school youths on Hawai\u2018i Island (N = 69). In Phase 2 (Item Refinement and Selection), situational items were reduced to 40 e-cigarette offer situations that were selected for inclusion in the survey. In Phase 3 (Item Reduction), items were administered to 257 youths from 11 middle, intermediate, or multi-level public or public-charter schools on Hawai\u2018i Island. Exploratory factor analysis indicated the presence of three factors accounting for 50% of the variance: E-Cigarette Offers from Friends (24%), E-Cigarette Offers from Non-Friends (16%), and Coercive Pressure to Use E-Cigarettes (10%). Hypothesized relationships between offer situations and e-cigarette use were partially confirmed, supporting the construct validity of the survey. This survey helps to fill the scientific and practice gap in measuring ecodevelopmental risk and protection for e-cigarette use and has implications for e-cigarette use prevention with rural, NHPI, and\/or Indigenous youth populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph21111427","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,28]],"date-time":"2024-10-28T04:15:02Z","timestamp":1730088902000},"page":"1427","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Exploring Youths\u2019 Offers to Use E-Cigarettes in Rural Hawai\u2018i: A Test Development and Validation Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0638-5354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Scott K.","family":"Okamoto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Sciences in the Pacific Program, University of Hawai\u2018i Cancer Center, 701 Ilalo St., Honolulu, HI 96813, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6424-7668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew M.","family":"Subica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, 900 University Ave., Riverside, CA 92521, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2910-5987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kelsie H.","family":"Okamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Baker Center for Children and Families, 53 Parker Hill Ave., Boston, MA 02120, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katlyn J.","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Sciences in the Pacific Program, University of Hawai\u2018i Cancer Center, 701 Ilalo St., Honolulu, HI 96813, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah D.","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Sciences in the Pacific Program, University of Hawai\u2018i Cancer Center, 701 Ilalo St., Honolulu, HI 96813, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paula Angela","family":"Saladino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Sciences in the Pacific Program, University of Hawai\u2018i Cancer Center, 701 Ilalo St., Honolulu, HI 96813, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adabelle B.","family":"Carson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Sciences in the Pacific Program, University of Hawai\u2018i Cancer Center, 701 Ilalo St., Honolulu, HI 96813, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zarek K.","family":"Kon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Sciences in the Pacific Program, University of Hawai\u2018i Cancer Center, 701 Ilalo St., Honolulu, HI 96813, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7820-2994","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah Momilani","family":"Marshall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thompson School of Social Work & Public Health, University of Hawai\u2018i at M\u0101noa, Gartley Hall, 2430 Campus Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steven Keone","family":"Chin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Sciences in the Pacific Program, University of Hawai\u2018i Cancer Center, 701 Ilalo St., Honolulu, HI 96813, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5076-6141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph Keawe\u2018aimoku","family":"Kaholokula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai\u2018i at M\u0101noa, 677 Ala Moana Blvd. Suite 1016B, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6248-0113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ian","family":"Pagano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Sciences in the Pacific Program, University of Hawai\u2018i Cancer Center, 701 Ilalo St., Honolulu, HI 96813, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7906-0799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pallav","family":"Pokhrel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Sciences in the Pacific Program, University of Hawai\u2018i Cancer Center, 701 Ilalo St., Honolulu, HI 96813, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1916171","article-title":"The EVALI and youth vaping epidemics-Implications for public health","volume":"382","author":"King","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. 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