{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:32:20Z","timestamp":1760146340330,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]],"date-time":"2024-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730160000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Empirical studies have indicated that cardiometabolic multimorbidity risk profiles are upsurging among the South African population. However, there is a limited number of studies that have been conducted to validate these findings in rural communities. Aim: To study the prevalence of cardiometabolic risk factors of females residing in rural Glendale in the ILembe District, South Africa. Methods: One hundred females (aged 18\u201340 years) voluntarily participated in a cross-sectional observational study. All participants completed an ISAK somatotype profiling, and measured their fasting cholesterol, glucose, blood pressure and resting heart rate. Results: Participants\u2019 average age, body mass index, stature, and body mass, were 28.34 \u00b1 7.07 years, 29.5 \u00b1 8.06 kg\/m2, 157.26 \u00b1 6.09 cm, and 72.9 \u00b1 21.12 kg, respectively. The cohort had a mean waist circumference of 94.2 \u00b1 22.1 cm, hip circumference of 108.4 \u00b1 20.9 cm, and waist-to-hip ratio of 0.86. Participants\u2019 mean heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure were 86.31 \u00b1 8.68 bpm, 116.79 \u00b1 16.34 mmHg, and 82.14 \u00b1 10.87 mmHg, respectively. Eleven participants recorded a resting heart rate greater than 100 bpm. Average blood glucose, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, and high-density lipoprotein recorded were 4.87 \u00b1 1.26 mmol\/L, 3.78 \u00b1 0.94 mmol\/L, 1.76 \u00b1 1.86 mmol\/L, and 1.31 \u00b1 0.4 mmol\/L. Eighty-three participants HDL-C were below the recommended normative value of 1.55 mmol\/L. Conclusion: The average participant presented as overweight, with elevated diastolic blood pressure, and a resting heart rate that has been proven to increase one\u2019s cardiometabolic multimorbidity risk profile. Additionally, a small portion of the cohort were identified to be prediabetic and diabetic. Large proportion of participants had low HDL-C levels suggestive of poor cardiovascular disease protection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph21111436","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]],"date-time":"2024-10-29T08:42:09Z","timestamp":1730191329000},"page":"1436","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Cardiometabolic Multimorbidity Risk Profile of Females Living in Glendale, ILembe District of Kwa-Zulu Natal"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7972-6549","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bridget","family":"Grobler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport, Rehabilitation & Dental Science, Pretoria West Campus, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0001, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3225-7949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Terry Jeremy","family":"Ellapen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport, Rehabilitation & Dental Science, Pretoria West Campus, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0001, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drozdz, D., Alvarez-Pitti, J., W\u00f3jcik, M., Borghi, C., Gabbianelli, R., Mazur, A., Herceg-\u010cavrak, V., Lopez-Valcarcel, B.G., Brzezi\u0144ski, M., and Lurbe, E. 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