{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T17:21:44Z","timestamp":1780334504898,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,31]],"date-time":"2024-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730332800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Agency of Applied Research (Regieorgaan SIA)","award":["RAAK.PRO 03.123"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RAAK.PRO 03.123"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: Motor competence development from early to middle childhood is accompanied by great variance. This course can be influenced by many factors in the ecosystem. The objective of this study was to examine which individual characteristics are associated with an undesirable motor competence development during the transition from early to middle childhood. Methods: A longitudinal study was conducted between February 2020 and May 2022. Actual and perceived motor competence and the potential determinants physical activity enjoyment, weight status, and organized sports participation of children (49% boys) aged 4\u20136 years old at T0 (N = 721) were measured at two points in time, separated by a two-year interval. Associations between potential determinants and AMC, including interactions with time, were analyzed using linear mixed-effect regression models with continuous motor quotient scores as outcome variables. Results: Overweight, obesity, and lack of organized sports participation were associated with lower motor quotient scores over time. Multivariate analyses showed that associations of weight status (overweight and obesity) and sports participation with motor quotient scores remained significant after adjustment for variations in perceived motor competence and physical activity enjoyment. Conclusions: Excessive body weight and lack of sports participation from early childhood are associated with an increased risk of an undesirable motor competence development over time.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph21111460","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]],"date-time":"2024-11-01T04:59:54Z","timestamp":1730437194000},"page":"1460","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Characteristics of Children with an Undesirable Motor Competence Development During the Transition from Early to Middle Childhood: Results of a 2-Year Longitudinal Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-5216-6897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pim","family":"Koolwijk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group Healthy Lifestyle in a Supporting Environment, The Hague University of Applied Sciences, 2501 EH The Hague, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ester","family":"de Jonge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group Healthy Lifestyle in a Supporting Environment, The Hague University of Applied Sciences, 2501 EH The Hague, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8289-990X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Remo","family":"Mombarg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sport Studies, Hanze University of Applied Sciences, 9747 AS Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5921-7509","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teun","family":"Remmers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport Studies, Fontys University of Applied Sciences, 5644 HZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dave","family":"Van Kann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport Studies, Fontys University of Applied Sciences, 5644 HZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Health Promotion, Maastricht University, 6229 HA Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0845-3306","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ingrid","family":"van Aart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sport Studies, Hanze University of Applied Sciences, 9747 AS Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5795-2828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Geert","family":"Savelsbergh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Movement Sciences, Section Motor Learning & Performance, Vrije Universiteit (VU) Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9032-883X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sanne","family":"de Vries","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group Healthy Lifestyle in a Supporting Environment, The Hague University of Applied Sciences, 2501 EH The Hague, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Health Campus The Hague, Leiden University Medical Centre, 2511 DP The Hague, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph9041326","article-title":"Physical activity promotion in the preschool years: A critical period to intervene","volume":"9","author":"Goldfield","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. 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