{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T17:04:43Z","timestamp":1783011883244,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,11]],"date-time":"2024-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731283200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Municipal solid waste (MSW) management poses substantial challenges in rapidly urbanizing areas, with implications for both the environment and public health. This study focuses on the city of Kinshasa in the Democratic Republic of Congo, investigating whether the presence or absence of solid waste collection services results in varying health and economic impacts, and additionally, seeking to establish a correlation between residing in proximity to dumpsites and the prevalence of diseases like malaria and typhoid, thereby providing a comprehensive understanding of the health implications tied to waste exposure. Health data were collected through survey questionnaires, and the geospatial distribution of 19 dumpsites was analyzed using Google Earth Pro 7.3.1 for satellite imagery and GIS software 10.3.1 to map dumpsites and define 1 km buffer zones around the largest dumpsites for household sampling. Statistical analyses were conducted using R Version 4.2.3, employing Chi-square tests for disease prevalence and logistic regression to assess associations between waste management practices and health outcomes. A multivariate regression was used to evaluate correlations between discomfort symptoms (e.g., nasal and eye irritation) and waste activities. The geospatial analysis revealed significant variation in dumpsite size and location, with larger dumpsites near water bodies and flood-prone areas. The study contributes valuable insights into waste-related health risks, emphasizing the need for improved waste management policies in rapidly urbanizing areas like Kinshasa. The socio-demographic analysis reveals distinct traits within the surveyed populations of two communes, Bandalungwa (Bandal) and Bumbu. Bumbu, characterized by larger open dumpsites and limited waste collection services, exhibits a higher prevalence of certain diseases, particularly typhoid fever, and malaria. This discrepancy is statistically significant (p &lt; 2.2 \u00d7 10\u221216), suggesting a potential link between waste exposure and disease prevalence. In Bandal, self-waste collection is a high risk of exposure to typhoid (OR = 4.834 and p = 0.00001), but the implementation of a waste collection service shows protective effect (OR = 0.206 and p = 0.00001). The lack of waste collection services in Bumbu increases the risk of exposure, although not significantly (OR = 2.268 and p = 0.08). Key findings indicate that waste disposal methods significantly differ between Bandal and Bumbu. Bumbu\u2019s reliance on burning and dumping creates environments conducive to disease vectors, contributing to elevated disease transmission risks. However, an in-depth correlation analysis reveals that specific waste management practices, such as burning, burying, and open dumping, do not exhibit statistically significant associations with disease prevalence, underlining the complexity of disease dynamics. This study contributes valuable insights into the importance for urban public health, particularly in rapidly urbanizing cities like Kinshasa, where inadequate waste management exacerbates health risks. By investigating the correlation between proximity to unregulated dumpsites and the prevalence of diseases such as malaria and typhoid fever, the research underscores the urgent need for targeted waste management policies. The stark health disparities between Bandal, with better waste services, and Bumbu, where services are lacking, highlight the protective effect of organized waste collection. These findings suggest that expanding public waste services and enforcing stricter regulations on waste disposal could reduce disease prevalence in vulnerable areas. Additionally, the study supports integrating waste management into urban planning as a critical public health measure. Its evidence-based approach offers valuable insights for policymakers in Kinshasa and other cities facing similar challenges, emphasizing the broader health implications of environmental governance in urban settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph21111495","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,11]],"date-time":"2024-11-11T08:01:27Z","timestamp":1731312087000},"page":"1495","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Geospatial Analysis of Malaria and Typhoid Prevalence Due to Waste Dumpsite Exposure in Kinshasa Districts with and Without Waste Services: A Case Study of Bandalungwa and Bumbu, Democratic Republic of Congo"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Yllah Kang","family":"Okin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Degree Programs in Life and Earth Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Doctoral Program in Environmental Studies, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7665-1884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helmut","family":"Yabar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karume Lubula","family":"Kevin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facult\u00e9 des Sciences, D\u00e9partement de Biologie, Universit\u00e9 de Kinshasa, Kinshasa H8J5+6PX, Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0183-6128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takeshi","family":"Mizunoya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshiro","family":"Higano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaza, S., Yao, L.C., Bhada-Tata, P., and Van Woerden, F. 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