{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:35:31Z","timestamp":1760146531103,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,14]],"date-time":"2024-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731542400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to examine prospectively the relationship between the deep squatting test and medial elbow injuries in elementary school baseball players and to determine the usefulness of the lower extremity field test in throwing injuries. The participants were 254 players who had participated in preseason medical checkups in both 2019 and 2020 and had no problems with the 2019 medical checkups. The evaluation parameters included ultrasonography examination, physical examination, and three types of deep squatting tests. The success rate of deep squatting tests was significantly lower in the injured group than in the non-injured group in the medial elbow injuries. By the difficulty level, the backward test in the deep squatting test was more likely to predict medial elbow injuries than the forward and middle tests. Furthermore, there was a significant difference in the squatting test and medial elbow injuries by grades. In conclusion, this is the first prospective study to provide evidence that the deep squatting tests, classified by difficulty level, can predict the risk of subsequent medial elbow injuries in elementary school players. The deep squatting test may be useful as a field test for lower extremity flexibility that can be performed by athletes and instructors, as it can predict the risk of subsequent medial elbow injuries.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph21111518","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,14]],"date-time":"2024-11-14T12:04:25Z","timestamp":1731585865000},"page":"1518","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Longitudinal Study of the Relationship Between Lower Extremity Field Tests and Medial Elbow Injuries in Elementary School Baseball Players"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Maki","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Childhood Education, Faculty of Human Development and Education, Kyoto Tachibana University, 34 Yamada-cho, Oyake, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8175, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takuma","family":"Okutani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kyoto Tanabe Central Hospital, Medical Corporation Sekitetsukai, 6-1-6 Tanabechuo, Kyotanabe-shi 610-0334, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shohei","family":"Maruyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kyoto Tanabe Central Hospital, Medical Corporation Sekitetsukai, 6-1-6 Tanabechuo, Kyotanabe-shi 610-0334, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kenji","family":"Suehiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kyoto Tanabe Central Hospital, Medical Corporation Sekitetsukai, 6-1-6 Tanabechuo, Kyotanabe-shi 610-0334, Japan"},{"name":"Corporate Headquarters, Medical Corporation Sekitetsukai, 6-1-6 Tanabechuo, Kyotanabe-shi 610-0334, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tomoyuki","family":"Matsui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marutamachi Rehabilitation Clinic, 12 Nishinokyo Kurumazakacho Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto 604-8405, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Machiko","family":"Hiramoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marutamachi Rehabilitation Clinic, 12 Nishinokyo Kurumazakacho Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto 604-8405, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2899-3385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoshikazu","family":"Azuma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marutamachi Rehabilitation Clinic, 12 Nishinokyo Kurumazakacho Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto 604-8405, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tetsuya","family":"Miyazaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marutamachi Rehabilitation Clinic, 12 Nishinokyo Kurumazakacho Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto 604-8405, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Megumi","family":"Gonno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Childhood Education, Faculty of Childhood Education, Nagoya Women\u2019s University, 3-40 Shioji-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya-shi 467-8610, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Teruo","family":"Nomura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Hashikami-cho, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-6900-209X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyosuke","family":"Oku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Hashikami-cho, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuya","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sports Study, Faculty of Sport Study, Biwako Seikei Sport College, 1204 Kitahira, Otsu-shi 520-0503, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yoshihiro","family":"Kai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Kyoto Tachibana University, 34 Yama-da-cho, Oyake, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8175, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Minoru","family":"Takeshima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kyoto Tanabe Central Hospital, Medical Corporation Sekitetsukai, 6-1-6 Tanabechuo, Kyotanabe-shi 610-0334, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Toru","family":"Morihara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marutamachi Rehabilitation Clinic, 12 Nishinokyo Kurumazakacho Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto 604-8405, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7669-6719","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noriyuki","family":"Kida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Hashikami-cho, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"360","article-title":"Reliability and validity of functional performance tests in dancers with hip dysfunction","volume":"8","author":"Kivlan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. 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