{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T15:59:52Z","timestamp":1791388792244,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]],"date-time":"2024-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>It is known that disasters can have long-term effects on the mental health of individuals. In particular, healthcare workers may be under greater stress in a time of disaster, as they are not only affected by the disaster, but they also take part in rescue efforts. This study was conducted to investigate the psychological effects of the Kahramanmara\u015f earthquakes on healthcare workers employed at the Ad\u0131yaman Training and Research Hospital. The sample in the cross-sectional study consisted of 299 healthcare personnel working in the Ad\u0131yaman Training and Research Hospital. The study data were collected through a questionnaire consisting of five sections. The data were analysed using SPSS 22 software. It was found that among healthcare workers, those who were women, married, individuals whose homes were damaged, injured, or lost a relative in the earthquake had experienced mental health problems such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, depression, and poor sleep quality the most. The earthquakes that occurred on 6 February negatively affected the mental health of healthcare workers. In order to reduce these negative effects experienced by healthcare workers, various types of mental health screening should be performed, and supportive psychological services should be provided urgently.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph21111533","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]],"date-time":"2024-11-19T09:30:25Z","timestamp":1732008625000},"page":"1533","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["The Disaster of the Century: Effects of the 6 February 2023 Kahramanmara\u015f Earthquakes on the Sleep and Mental Health of Healthcare Workers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3297-2931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sema","family":"\u00c7if\u00e7i","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nursing Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, Mardin Artuklu University, Mardin 47100, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zehra","family":"Kilin\u00e7","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Dicle University, Diyarbak\u0131r 21280, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2023, December 22). What Is a Disaster?. Available online: https:\/\/www.ifrc.org\/our-work\/disasters-climate-and-crises\/what-disaster."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.5387\/fms.2014-1","article-title":"Psychological distress after the Great East Japan Earthquake and Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident: Results of a mental health and lifestyle survey through the Fukushima Health Management Survey in FY2011 and FY2012","volume":"60","author":"Yabe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fukushima J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2017.11.859","article-title":"Sleep problems caused by a great natural disaster: A 4-year longitudinal study after the Great East Japan earthq uake in 2011","volume":"40","author":"Sato","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, W., Liu, H., Jiang, X., Wu, D., and Tian, Y. (2014). A longitudinal study of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and its relationship with coping skill and locus of control in adolescents after an earthquake in China. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0088263"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2014.10.006","article-title":"The impact of disaster work on community volunteers: The role of peri-traumatic distress, level of personal affectedness, sleep quality and resource loss, on post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms and subjective health","volume":"28","author":"Thormar","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Anxiety Disord."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tempesta, D., Curcio, G., De Gennaro, L., and Ferrara, M. (2013). Long-term impact of earthquakes on sleep quality. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0055936"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.157.8.1260","article-title":"Longitudinal study of earthquake-related PTSD in a randomly selected community sample in north China","volume":"157","author":"Wang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1023\/B:QURE.0000031337.73269.64","article-title":"The relationship between quality of life and psychiatric impairment for a Taiwanese community post earthquake","volume":"13","author":"Chou","year":"2004","journal-title":"Qual. Life Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dai, W., Chen, L., Lai, Z., Li, Y., Wang, J., and Liu, A. (2016). The incidence of post-traumatic stress disorder among survivors after earthquakes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry, 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-016-0891-9"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2019.09.004","article-title":"The association between self-reported sleep dissatisfaction after the Great East Japan Earthquake, and a deteriorated socioeconomic status in the evacuation area: The Fukushima Health Management Survey","volume":"68","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2003.08.005","article-title":"Full and partial PTSD among earthquake survivors in rural Taiwan","volume":"38","author":"Lai","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2019.09.017","article-title":"Relationships between insomnia, long working hours, and long commuting time among public school teachers in Japan: A nationwide cross-sectional diary study","volume":"75","author":"Hori","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2013437","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.13437","article-title":"Long-term trends in mental health disorders after the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami","volume":"3","author":"Kino","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5643","DOI":"10.18203\/2394-6040.ijcmph20214550","article-title":"Long term post-traumatic stress disorders among the earthquake affected people of Sindhupalchwok, Nepal","volume":"8","author":"Gautam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Community Med. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ckac130.179","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckac130.179","article-title":"Depression among survivors of 1988 Spitak earthquake in Armenia: A prospective cohort study","volume":"32","author":"Demirchyan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"e0160","article-title":"Mental health impact of the catastrophic 2023 earthquake on Turkish youth: Psychological distress amidst humanitarian crisis","volume":"6","author":"Anis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg. Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"141","article-title":"Earthquake and Sleep Health Effects","volume":"11","author":"Balbay","year":"2024","journal-title":"T\u00fcrk Uyku T\u0131bb\u0131 Dergisi"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12794","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e12794","article-title":"Post-traumatic stress disorder in medical workers involved in earthquake response: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Tahernejad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.4274\/forbes.galenos.2023.04909","article-title":"Comparison of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Post-Traumatic Growth Status Between Healthcare Professionals Employed in Earthquake-Affected Areas and Non-employing Employees","volume":"4","author":"Bulut","year":"2023","journal-title":"Forbes J. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"309","article-title":"Deprem ve sa\u011fl\u0131k \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n\u0131n ruh sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131: Bir sistematik derleme","volume":"26","author":"Canakci","year":"2023","journal-title":"Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"AFAD (2023, November 15). 06 \u015eubat 2023 Pazarc\u0131k (Kahramanmara\u015f) Mw 7.7 Elbistan (Kahramanmara\u015f) Mw 7.6 Depremlerine Ili\u015fkin \u00f6n De\u011ferlendirme Raporu, Available online: https:\/\/deprem.afad.gov.tr\/assets\/pdf\/Kahramanmara%C5%9F%20Depremi%20%20Raporu_02.06.2023.pdf."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"(2023, November 12). Open Source Epidemiologic Statistics for Public Health. Available online: https:\/\/www.openepi.com\/SampleSize\/SSCohort.htm."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2014.03.032","article-title":"Dimensional assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder in DSM-5","volume":"218","author":"LeBeau","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.5455\/bcp.20151205113132","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the Turkish PTSD-short scale in a sample of undergraduate students","volume":"26","author":"Evren","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bull. Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.56.6.893","article-title":"An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: Psychometric properties","volume":"56","author":"Beck","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Consult. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"163","article-title":"Turkish version of the Beck Anxiety Inventory: Psychometric properties","volume":"12","author":"Ulusoy","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Psychother."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"118","article-title":"Beck Depresyon Envanterinin gecerliligi uzerine bit calisma (A study on the validity of Beck Depression Inventory)","volume":"6","author":"Hisli","year":"1988","journal-title":"Psikoloji Dergisi."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"107","article-title":"The validity and reliability of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index","volume":"7","author":"Kara","year":"1996","journal-title":"Turk Psikiyatri Derg."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"21","article-title":"Impact of Natural Disasters on Mental Health and Behavioral Changes","volume":"1","author":"Molua","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ment. Health Issues Behav."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ke, Y.T., Chen, H.C., Lin, C.H., Kuo, W.F., Peng, A.C., Hsu, C.C., and Lin, H.J. (2017). Posttraumatic psychiatric disorders and resilience in healthcare providers following a disastrous earthquake: An interventional study in Taiwan. BioMed Res. Int.","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/2981624"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"81","article-title":"Post-traumatic stress and associated factors among healthcare workers in the early stage following the 2020 Malatya-Elaz\u0131\u011f earthquake","volume":"14","author":"Cansel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Konuralp Med. J."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200606-735OC","article-title":"Increased prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in critical care nurses","volume":"175","author":"Mealer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2021.103154","article-title":"Gender and occupational role differences in work-related post-traumatic stress symptoms, burnout and global functioning in emergency healthcare workers","volume":"69","author":"Carmassi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Intensive Crit. Care Nurs."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"e37031","article-title":"Mental health disorders due to disaster exposure: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Keya","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"d\u2019Ettorre, G., Pellicani, V., and Ceccarelli, G. (2020). Post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in healthcare workers: A ten-year systematic review. Acta Bio Med. Atenei Parmensis, 91."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/1529100610387086","article-title":"Weighing the costs of disaster: Consequences, risks, and resilience in individuals, families, and communities","volume":"11","author":"Bonanno","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci. Public Interest"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1093\/epirev\/mxi003","article-title":"The epidemiology of post-traumatic stress disorder after disasters","volume":"27","author":"Galea","year":"2005","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2021.03.014","article-title":"Gender differences in mental health problems of healthcare workers during the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak","volume":"137","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30078-X","article-title":"Mental health care for medical staff in China during the COVID-19 outbreak","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291707001353","article-title":"Post-traumatic stress disorder following disasters: A systematic review","volume":"38","author":"Neria","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Kessler, R.C., Sonnega, A., Bromet, E., Hughes, M., and Nelson, C.B. (2013). Posttraumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey. Fear and Anxiety, Routledge."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.03.028","article-title":"Impact on mental health and perceptions of psychological care among medical and nursing staff in Wuhan during the 2019 novel coronavirus disease outbreak: A cross-sectional study","volume":"87","author":"Kang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"190","article-title":"COVID-19 Pandemic: Stress Experience of Healthcare Workers\u2014A Short Current Review","volume":"47","author":"Bohlken","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Prax."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.20146","article-title":"The effect of imaginal exposure length on outcome of treatment for PTSD","volume":"19","author":"Foa","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Trauma. Stress"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burn.2017.04.003","article-title":"Burnout and engagement: Contributions to a new vision","volume":"5","author":"Leiter","year":"2017","journal-title":"Burnout Res."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"1853","article-title":"Socioeconomic Status and Mental Health among Low-income Employees: A Systematic Literature Review","volume":"29","author":"Kamalulil","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pertanika J. Soc. Sci. Humanit."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1017\/S1049023X19004874","article-title":"A systematic review of the impact of disaster on the mental health of medical responders","volume":"34","author":"Naushad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prehosp. Disaster Med."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1348\/096317909X470690","article-title":"Psychosocial safety climate as a precursor to conducive work environments, psychological health problems, and employee engagement","volume":"83","author":"Dollard","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Occup. Organ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2019.08.004","article-title":"Sleep in posttraumatic stress disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis of polysomnographic findings","volume":"48","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Rev."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/21\/11\/1533\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:35:18Z","timestamp":1760114118000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/21\/11\/1533"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph21111533"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph21111533","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]]}}}